Solar Roofing Basics

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• Solar Roofing Basics
• AIA Presentation

Ken Schulte - DERBIGUM Energies Sales Manager
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DERBIGUM Americas, Inc. is a Registered Provider
with the American Institute of Architects
Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on
completion of this program will be reported to
CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of
Completion for non-AIA members available on
request. This program is registered with the
AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As
such, it does not include content that may be
deemed or construed to be an approval or
endorsement by the AIA of any material of
construction or any method or manner of handling,
using, distributing, or dealing in any material
or product. Questions related to specific
materials, methods, and services will be
addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
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• Upon completion of this program, participants
  will be able to
• Understand and explain how solar power is
  generated
• Recognize the different varieties of Photovoltaic
  panels
• Identify the advantages of triple junction cells
• Discuss various system configurations
• Understand economic and environmental advantages

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• Light particle (Photon) strikes PV cell
• Impacts PN junction in semiconductor material
• Knocks off two charge carriers, one electron(-)
  and one hole()
• Electron travels to negative electrode
• Hole travels to positive electrode
• Electron enters circuit, does work and travels
  back to Hole completing circuit and neutralizes
  charge
• Process repeats

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• First Type of commercial cell
• Invented by Bell labs in 1954
• A wafer cut from a large, specially grown,
  cylindrical silicon crystal
• Highest efficiency of currently available PV
• Poor low-light tolerance
• Fragile
• Expensive
• Requires heavy frames and support structures

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• Made from multiple crystalline sources
• Not as dependent on perfect crystal growth
• Less Expensive than monocrystallines
• 2-5 less efficient than monocrystallines
• Extremely fragile
• Poor low-light tolerance
• Requires heavy frames and support structures

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• First generation thin-film
• Does not require crystalline silicon to produce
• Relatively inexpensive to produce and manufacture
• Tolerant to low-light conditions
• About 50 less efficient than monocrystalline
• Easy to incorporate into windows and skylights
• Glass substrate heavy and fragile
• Generally requires supportive framework
• Has historical issues with longevity/durability

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• 2nd Generation thin-film
• Doesnt require crystalline silicon to produce
• Easier to manufacture than 1st generation
  thin-film with about the same cost
• Does not require any framing or support structure
• Low-light tolerant
• More efficient than 1st Generation thin-film
• Much lighter than all other PV
• Much more rugged than other PV types
• Integrates easily after roofing membrane
  installed
• No history of excessive deterioration
• Has adhesion issues
• Still needs separate installation

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The entire spectrum is not available to single
junction solar cell
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• Triple Junction
• Top cell has large bandgap
• Middle cell mid eV bandgap
• Bottom cell small bandgap.

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• Absorbs light in three different spectral bands
  up to and including UV
• More efficient design than single or double
  junction thin-film
• Works with moderate snow cover
• Adds only two deposition steps to manufacturing
  process without adding significant increase in
  cost or materials
• Is currently unique in commercial PV panels

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• Stand-Alone Systems - those systems which use
  photovoltaic's technology only, and are not
  connected to a utility grid.
• Hybrid Systems - those systems which use
  photovoltaic's and some other form of energy,
  such as diesel generation or wind.
• Grid-Tied Systems - those systems which are
  connected to a utility grid.

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• Determine the load (energy, not power)
• You should think of the load as being supplied by
  photovoltaic system.
• Machinery Appliances
• Consumption Reduction
• Make a List
• Initial steps in the process include
• Calculate the number of photovoltaic modules
  required
• Solar Irradiance
• Solar Radiation
• Peak Hours

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• The BOS typically contains
• Structures for mounting the PV arrays or modules
• Power conditioning equipment that massages and
  converts the do electricity to the proper form
  and magnitude required by an alternating current
  (ac) load.
• Sometimes also storage devices, such as
  batteries, for storing PV generated electricity
  during cloudy days and at night.

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• Solar Photovoltaic Cells convert sunlight
  directly into electricity
• They are sold on a /Wp basis or /power
• Wp is the power in Watts for Peak sun hours --
  the equivalent number of hours per day, with
  solar irradiance equaling 1,000 W/m2, that gives
  the same energy received from sunrise to sundown.
  
• To convert power to energy simply multiply by the
  amount of time that the cell is illuminated
• W hr 1 W-hr
• Electricity (energy) is normally billed /kW-hr

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• One stop shop for financial incentives is
  www.dsireusa.org/
• The Database of State Incentives for Renewable
  Energy (DSIRE) is a comprehensive source of
  information on state, local, utility, and federal
  incentives that promote renewable energy.
• Lists includes
• Corporate Tax Incentives
• Direct Equipment Sales
• Grant Programs
• Leasing/Lease Purchase Programs
• Loan Programs
• Personal Income Tax Incentives
• Production Incentives
• Property Tax Incentives
• Rebate Programs
• Sales Tax Incentives

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NanoMarkets, LC Market Report July 2008
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• During use - PV produce no
• atmospheric emissions
• radioactive waste
• During use PV produce no greenhouse gases so it
  will help offset CO2 emissions and global climate
  destabilization
• PV does have an embodied energy and embodied CO2
  emissions
• PV curtails air pollution, which produces acid
  rain, soil damage, and human respiratory
  ailments.

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• A 4 kWp solar energy array would prevent
• 2.4 tons of coal from being burned
• 6.2 tons of CO2 decreasing the greenhouse
  effect
• over 3,600 gallons of water from being used
• 34 pounds each of NOx and SO2 from polluting the
  atmosphere
• 1.8 pounds of particulates from causing a health
  hazard (and no nuclear waste)
• EACH YEAR - FOR 20 YEARS!

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• 100 miles by 100 miles in Nevada would provide
  the equivalent of the entire US electrical demand
  
• Distributed (to sites with less sun) it would
  take less than 25 of the area covered by US
  roads.

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THANK YOU for your time and attention. This
concludes The American Institute of Architects
Continuing Education Systems Program Contact
DERBIGUM at [phone]info_at_DERBIGUM.com, www
.DERBIGUM.com