Title: Kinetic Energy, Work, Power, and Potential Energy
1Kinetic Energy, Work, Power, and Potential Energy
2Todays Reading Assignment W05D1
- Young and Freedman 6.1-6.4
- Math Review Module Scalar Product
3Learning Objectives Week 5 Conservation of Energy
- Understand meaning of kinetic energy, potential
energy difference, work and how they are
connected by conservation of energy - Understand how Newtons Second Law is connected
to conservation of energy in particular to the
concepts of work and potential energy difference - Calculate work done on an object by a constant
force (gravity near surface of earth) and
non-constant forces (spring forces and inverse
square gravitational force) for one-dimensional
motion - Understand why the scalar (dot) product is used
to generalize work done for motion in two or more
dimensions and how to calculate the work done - Understand the meaning of a conservative force
and the related concept of potential energy
difference - Calculate potential energy differences for
gravity near surface of earth, spring forces and
inverse square gravitational force - Understand meaning of zero reference point for
potential energy and how to make informed
choices when problem solving
4Kinetic Energy
- Scalar quantity (reference frame dependent)
- SI unit is joule
- Change in kinetic energy
-
5Concept Question Work and Kinetic Energy
- Compared to the amount of energy required to
accelerate a car from rest to 10 mph (miles per
hour), the amount of energy required to
accelerate the same car from 10 mph to 20 mph is - (1) the same
- (2) twice as much
- (3) three times as much
- (4) four times as much
- (5) unsure.
6Work Done by a Constant Force for One Dimensional
Motion
- Definition
- The work W done by a constant force with an
x-component, Fx, in displacing an object by ?x
is equal to the x-component of the force times
the displacement
7Concept Question Pushing against a wall
- The work done by the contact force of the wall
on the person as the person moves away from the
wall is - positive.
- negative.
- zero.
- impossible to determine from information given in
question and the figure.
8Concept Question Work and Walking
- When a person walks, the force of friction
between the floor and the person's feet
accelerates the person forward. The work done by
the friction force is -
- positive.
- negative.
- zero.
9Pushing a Stalled Car
10Table Problem Work Done by Gravity Near the
Surface of the Earth
- Consider an object of mass m near the surface
of the earth falling directly towards the center
of the earth. The gravitational force between the
object and the earth is nearly constant. Suppose
the object starts from an initial point that is a
distance y0 from the surface of the earth and
moves to a final point a distance yf from the
surface of the earth. How much work does the
gravitational force do on the object as it falls?
11Work done by Non-Constant Force One Dimensional
Motion
- (Infinitesimal) work is a scalar
- Add up these scalar quantities to get the total
work as area under graph of Fx vs x
12Table Problem Work Done by the Spring Force
- Connect one end of a spring of length l0 with
spring constant k to an object resting on a
smooth table and fix the other end of the spring
to a wall. Stretch the spring until it has length
l and release the object. - How much work does the spring do on the object
as a function of x l - l0, the distance the
spring has been stretched or compressed?
13Recall integration formula for acceleration with
respect to time
- The x-component of the acceleration of an object
- is the derivative of the x-component of the
velocity - Therefore the integral of x-component of the
acceleration with respect to time, is the
x-component of the velocity
14Integration formula for acceleration with respect
to displacement
- The integral of x-component of the acceleration
with respect to the displacement of an object, is
given by - Multiply both sides by the mass of the object
giving integration formula
15Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem One Dimensional Motion
- Substitute Newtons Second Law (in one dimension)
- in definition of work integral which then becomes
- Apply integration formula to get work-kinetic
energy theorem
16Concept Question Work due to Variable Force
- A particle starts from rest at x 0 and moves
to x L under the action of a variable force
F(x), which is shown in the figure. What is the
particle's kinetic energy at x L/2 and at x
L? - (Fmax)(L/2), (Fmax)(L)
- (2) (Fmax)(L/4), 0
- (3) (Fmax)(L), 0
- (4) (Fmax)(L/4), (Fmax)(L/2)
- (5) (Fmax)(L/2), (Fmax)(L/4)
17Worked Example Work Done by Several Forces
- A block of mass m slides along a horizontal
table with speed v0. At x 0 it hits a spring
with spring constant k and begins to experience a
friction force. The coefficient of kinetic
friction is given by µ. How far did the spring
compress when the block first momentarily comes
to rest? -
18Concept Question Work-Energy
An object is dropped to the earth from a height
of 10m. Which of the following sketches best
represent the kinetic energy of the object as it
approaches the earth (neglect friction)?
- a
- b
- c
- d
- e
19Concept Question
- Two objects are pushed on a frictionless
surface from a starting line to a finish line
with equal constant forces. One object is four
times as massive as the other. Both objects are
initially at rest. Which of the following
statements is true when the objects reach the
finish line? - The kinetic energies of the two objects are
equal. - Object of mass 4m has the greater kinetic energy.
- Object of mass m has the greater kinetic energy.
- Not information is given to decide.
20Worked Example Work-Energy Theorem for Inverse
Square Gravitational Force
- Consider a magnetic rail gun that shoots an
object of mass m radially away from the surface
of the earth (mass me). When the object leaves
the rail gun it is at a distance ri from the
center of the earth moving with speed vi . What
speed of the object as a function of distance
from the center of the earth?
21Power
- The average power of an applied force is the rate
of doing work - SI units of power Watts
- Instantaneous power
22Work and the Dot Product
23Dot Product
- A scalar quantity
- Magnitude
- The dot product can be positive, zero, or
negative - Two types of projections the dot product is the
parallel component of one vector with respect to
the second vector times the magnitude of the
second vector
24Dot Product of Unit Vectors in Cartesian
Coordinates
For unit vectors We have Generally
25Dot Product in Cartesian Coordinates
26Kinetic Energy and Dot Product
- Velocity
- Kinetic Energy
-
- Change in kinetic energy
-
27Work Done by a Constant Force
- Definition Work
- The work done by a constant force on
an object is equal to the component of the force
in the direction of the displacement times the
magnitude of the displacement - Note that the component of the force in the
direction of the displacement can be positive,
zero, or negative so the work may be positive,
zero, or negative
28Concept Question Work and Gravity 1
- A ball is given an initial horizontal velocity
and allowed to fall under the influence of
gravity near the surface of the earth, as shown
below. The work done by the force of gravity on
the ball is
(1) positive (2) zero (3) negative
29Worked Example Work Done by a Constant Force in
Two Dimensions
Force exerted on the object Components Cons
ider an object undergoing displacement Work
done by force on object
30Table Problem Work Constant Forces and Dot
Product
An object of mass m, starting from rest, slides
down an inclined plane of length s. The plane is
inclined by an angle of ? to the ground. The
coefficient of kinetic friction is µ.
- Use the dot product definition of work to
calculate the work done by the normal force, the
gravitational force, and the friction force as
the object displaces a distance s down the
inclined plane. - For each force, is the work done by the force
positive or negative? - What is the sum of the work done by the three
forces? Is this positive or negative?
31Concept Question Work and inverse square gravity
- A comet is speeding along a hyperbolic orbit
toward the Sun. While the comet is moving away
from the Sun, the work done by the Sun on the
comet is
(1) positive (2) zero (3) negative
32Work Done Along an Arbitrary Path
Work done by force for small displacement Work
done by force along path from A to B
33Work-Energy Theorem in Three-Dimensions
As you will show in the problem set, the one
dimensional work-kinetic energy theorem
generalizes to three dimensions
34Work Path Dependent Line Integral
Work done by force along path from A to B
In order to calculate the line integral, in
principle, requires a knowledge of the path.
However we will consider an important class of
forces in which the work line integral is
independent of the path and only depends on the
starting and end points
35Conservative Forces
- Definition Conservative Force If the work done
by a force in moving an object from point A to
point B is independent of the path (1 or 2), - then the force is called a conservative force
which we denote by . Then the work done only
depends on the location of the points A and B.
36Example Gravitational Force
- Consider the motion of an object under the
influence of a gravitational force near the
surface of the earth - The work done by gravity depends only on the
change in the vertical position
37Potential Energy Difference
- Definition Potential Energy Difference between
the points A and B associated with a conservative
force is the negative of the work done by
the conservative force in moving the body along
any path connecting the points A and B.
38Potential Energy Differnece Constant Gravity
- Force
- Work
- Potential Energy
- Choice of Zero Point Choose and choose
. Then -
- Potential Energy
39Worked Example Change in Potential Energy for
Inverse Square Gravitational Force
- Consider an object of mass m1 moving towards
the sun (mass m2). Initially the object is at a
distance r0 from the center of the sun. The
object moves to a final distance rf from the
center of the sun. For the object-sun system,
what is the change in potential energy during
this motion?
40Worked Example Solution Inverse Square Gravity
- Force
- Work done
- Potential Energy
- Change
- Zero Point
- Potential Energy
- Function
41Table Problem Change in Potential Energy Spring
Force
- Connect one end of a spring of length l0 with
spring constant k to an object resting on a
smooth table and fix the other end of the spring
to a wall. Stretch the spring until it has length
l and release the object. Consider the
object-spring as the system. When the spring
returns to its equilibrium length what is the
change in potential energy of the system?
42Potential Energy Difference Spring Force
- Force
- Work done
- Potential Energy
- Change
- Zero Point
- Potential Energy
43Work-Energy Theorem Conservative Forces
- The work done by the force in moving an object
from A to B is equal to the change in kinetic
energy - When the only forces acting on the object are
conservative forces - then the change in potential energy is
- Therefore
44Table Problem Asteroid about Sun
- An asteroid of mass m is in a non-circular
closed orbit about the sun. Initially it is a
distance ri from the sun, with speed vi. What is
the change in the kinetic energy of the asteroid
when it is a distance is rf, from the sun?
45Next Reading Assignment W05D2
- Young and Freedman 7.1-7.5,13.3, 13.6