???? Epidemiology

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???? Epidemiology
???????
???????????? Department of Epidemiology and
Biostatistics
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Epidemiology Assessment

• Term exam 70
• This will be a structured test
• It will require applying cumulative
  understanding gained from this course
• Two discussions on specific concepts 20
  (including a field survey and a simulated
  outbreak survey)
•  Attendance homework 10

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Chapter 1 Introduction
? ?
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Contents

• A brief history of epidemiology

• Definition of epidemiology

• Approaches in epidemiological study

• Objectives of epidemiology

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????
Epidemiology

• ??????????? (applied discipline)
• ??????????? (methodological subject)
• ??????????? (evidence based subject)
• ??????????? (basic subjects )

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A brief history of epidemiology

• ?????? (18??)
• the rudimentary or beginning stage
• ????? (18???20???)
• the establish stage
• ????? (20??40?50??)
• the development stage
• (????????)

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1.?????? the rudimentary or beginning stage
????? (460-377 BC) ????????
Epidemic ? Epidemic ? On Airs, Waters and
Places
Hippocrates

• ????
• ??????
• ????????????????
• Epidemic firstly appeared in his book-On airs,
  waters and places

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1.?????? the rudimentary or beginning stage
??????-?????

• 14???????????????40?
• quadraginta (???,???40) ? quarantine
• 1423?????????????

????????????????
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1.?????? the rudimentary or beginning stage
John Graunt (1620-1674)

• ??????????????????
• ?????????,??????
• ?????????????????
• ??????????
• ????????????

Natural and Political Observations Made Upon the
Bills of Mortality
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2.?????the establish stage
James Lind (1716-1794)
VitC?? ??? (scurvy) (1747)
??????????????
surgeon Royal Navy galleon sailor symptom noseble
ed Fatigue anorexia
(clinical trial)
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2.?????the establish stage
Edward Jenner (1749-1823)
(1796) ???? (cowpox ) ???? (smallpox )
Physician
?????????? (active immunity)
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2.?????the establish stage
John Snow (1813-1858)

• ????-????
• ?????
• ???????
• ?????????
• ??????????

(cholera)
(water-borne spreading) 
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2.?????the establish stage
John Snow (1854)
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2.?????the establish stage
London Epidemiological Society (1850)
??????????? ????????????
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2.?????the establish stage
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

• ????? (germ theory)
• ????????,????????????
• ???????????????
• ????????????
• ?????????????????????(???),?????????????
• ??????

hit bottom reform microorganism chicken
cholera anthrax swine erysipelas vaccine attenuate
d rabies microscope pasteurization
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Robert Koch (1843-1910)

• ????????????
• 1905???????????
• ??????????????????
• ???????????,Henle-Koch??4???

tubercle bacillus vibrio cholerae Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine water purification infectio
us agent proposal

1. ??????????????????(????)
2. ????????????????(?????)
3. ????????????????,????????????????????(????)
4. ?????????????????

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20??????
Joseph Goldberger (1914-1930)
???-????(????),?????
(Pellagra) ( niacin)
the renaissance period rough skin
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20??????
????????(1930s-) ?????????????? ??????????????????
fluoridated water dental fluorosis decayed teeth
???. ????. ????, ??. ???????? (?1?). ??
???????. 1984,p50-58.
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3.????? the development stage

• ??
• ?????????????
• ?????????????????
• ??????????
• ?????????????
• ???????????

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1. ???? the first stage

Richard Doll Austin Bradford Hill
??-?? ???????????? ??????????????
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1. ???? the first stage

Nathan Mantel William Haenszel
?????
stratified analysis
Mantel N, Haenszel W. Statistical aspects of the
analysis of data from retrospective studies of
disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 1959 22 (4) 719-748.
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1. ???? the first stage

Jonas Edward Salk
???????????(1954)-????? ???444,000-???21,000 ???
60-90
polio vaccine protection rate field test
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(2) ???? the second stage
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(3) ???? the third stage
?????????????
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?????????Epidemiological achievement in China
?????(1879-1960)

• 1910?1920????????????????????????

• ???????????
• ????????
• ??????????

Plague Articles of seaport quarantine Implementing
measures of quarantine Quarantine regulations
for passengers going abroad
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?????????Epidemiological achievement in China
?????(1906-1985)

• ???????
• ?????
• ??????????(1972)

• ?????????

schistosomiasis euproctis simili dermatitis
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?????????Epidemiological achievement in China
?????(1911-1995)

• ???????????????
• ????????????????
• ?????????????????
• ??????????

phlebotomus chinensis kala-azar dysentery
phage epidemic encephalitis B adverse drug
reaction
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????
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? Definitions ??????
Epidemiology
??????????????????????????,??????????????????????
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and
determinants of health-related states or events
in specified populations, and the application of
this study to control of health problems.
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? annotation ?????????
Epidemiology
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???????
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?????????
Epidemiology
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Epidemiology

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Epidemiology
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Epidemiology
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Epidemiology
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??????????Approaches in Epidemiological studies
????? ? ? ?????
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(No Transcript)
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Conclusions