Principles of Biology

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Principles of Biology

• The Scope of Biology
• subdisciplines
• spans over huge spans of time and size
• continuous process of learning
• unifying themes

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Unifying Themes in Biology

• A hierarchy of organization
• The cellular basis of life
• Heritable information
• The correlation between structure and function
• The interaction of organisms with their
  environment
• Evolution the core theme
• Scientific process the hypothetico-deductive
  method

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Lifes Hierarchical Order of Organization

• Ecosystem
• Community
• Population
• Organism
• Organ system
• Organ
• Tissue
• Cell
• Molecule Atom

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Hierarchical levels

• Determine the level Larger than Life!!!

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Hierarchical levels

• Determine the level The microcosmic world

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Hierarchical levels

• Determine the level Life in the big
  

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Hierarchical levels

• Determine the level Lub Dub, Lub Dub

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Hierarchical levels

• Determine the level Ma and Pa, and Auntie
  Rose and Uncle Fritz.

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Hierarchical levels

• Determine the level I feel as frozen as
  an icecube when its winter.

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Each Level of Biological Organization has
EMERGENT PROPERTIES

• Property that emerges as a result of interactions
  between components
• An organism is a living whole greater than the
  sum of its parts.
• With each step upward in the hierarchy, new
  properties emerge that were not present at the
  simpler levels.

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Emergent Properties (characteristics of life)

• Cellular
• Order
• Reproduction (biogenesis)
• Growth and Development
• Energy Utilization
• Response to the Environment
• Homeostasis
• Evolutionary Adaptation

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Cells

• Basic unit of structure and function
• unicellular/multicellular
• Rober Hooke -- tree bark/cork
• Antonie van Leeuwenhok -- animalicules
• Characteristics of cells
• Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic cells

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The Continuity of life is based on heritable
information in the form of DNA

• Nucleotides
• linear sequence of 4 nucleotides
• gene unit of inheritance
• copying DNA passing info. Encoded in DNA
  from parent to offspring.
• All forms of life use essentially the same
  genetic code.

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Structure Function

• Biological structure gives clues as to what it
  does/how it works
• photosynthesis
• muscle contraction

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The interaction of organisms with their
environment

• Biotic/abiotic
• Nutrient cycling
• Energy flow

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Homeostasis

• Regulatory mechanisms ensure a dynamic balance in
  living systems

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Evolution, Unity, and Diversity

• Diversity
• 5 million - gt30 million species
• 1.5 million species have been identified/named
• Taxonomy
• domain ? kingdom ? phylum ? class ? order ?
  family ? genus ? species
• 6 kingdoms Monera, Archaea, Protista, Plantae,
  Fungi, Animalia

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Classification of Humans

• 1. Kingdom Animalia
• 2. Phylum Chordata
• a. Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharynx,
  and gill slits in pharynx wall during at least
  part of life cycle.
• 3. Class Mammalia
• a. Hair and mammary glands
• 4. Order Primate
• a. Monkeys, apes, humans
• 5. Family Hominids
• a. All species on or near evolutionary road
  leading to modern humans.
• 6. Genus Homo
• a. Bipedal and possess large brains relative to
  body size
• 7. Species Homo sapiens
• a. large brains
• b. use symbolic language and with words can shape
  concepts out of experiences. (cultural evolution)

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Lifes Diversity

• Classification of lifes diversity in an attempt
  to better understand.
• 6 Kingdoms
• 1. Animalia 2. Plantae
• 3. Protista 4. Monera
• 5. Fungi 6. Archaea

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What kingdom and why?
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What kingdom and why?
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What kingdom and why?
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What kingdom and why?
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What kingdom and why?
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What kingdom and why?
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Kingdoms

• How are you more like a microscopic amoeba, than
  an amoeba is like a bacterium?

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Unity in the diversity of life

• Universal genetic code
• Similar metabolic pathways
• Similarities of cell structure

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Evolution

• Unifying theme in biology
• life evolves -- change over time
• species that are very similar may share a common
  ancestor
• less closely related organisms may have shared a
  more ancient common ancestor
• ALL LIFE IS CONNECTED

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On the Origin of Species Charles Darwin

• Descent with modification
• natural selection
• individuals in a population of any species vary
  in may inheritable traits
• populations have the potential to prod. more
  offspring than will survive or than the environ.
  can support
• those with traits best suited to the environ.
  leave a larger number of offspring
• natural selection does not create adaptations

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Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life
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The Scientific Method

• Reasons for the scientific method
• Hypothetico-deductive method
• 5-step process
• 1. Observations
• 2. Questions
• 3. Hypotheses
• must be testable
• 4. Predictions
• 5. Tests

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Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning

• Specific observations ? general conclusion
• inference from general premises ? specific
  consequences, which logically follow if the
  premises are true
• If..then...
• predicting exp. results that are expected if the
  hypothesis is true.

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Testing the Hypothesis

• variables
• independent vs. dependent
• effect on test results
• test group vs. control group
• difference
• size
• positive control/negative control
• repeatability of tests
• reliability or results

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Once a hypothesis is tested, then what??????

• Conclusion/re-access the original hypothesis
• Retest over and over again
• THEN......
• theory
• ITS THE LAW!!!!!!!!

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The Scientific Method

• An investigator spills dye on a culture plate and
  then notices that the bacteria live despite
  exposure to sunlight. He decides to expose 2
  culture plates to ultraviolet light--one plate
  contains bacteria and dye the other plate
  contains only bacteria. The bacteria on both
  plates die. Fill in the right-hand portion of
  the following diagram

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Scientific Method
Observations
Hypothesis
Experimentation and/or observations
Conclusion
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Interconnecting Webs

• Organisms dont exist in isolation from the
  environment.
• Producers, Consumers, Decomposers
• Photosynthesizers
• carbon dioxide water sunlight
• --gt food
• ALL organisms depend on producers for food