Medical and Scientific Advances

1
Medical and Scientific Advances

• Alexander Fleming
• Penicillin
• Antibiotics
• Sulfa Drugs
• World Health Organization
• Sigmund Freud
• Psychoanalysis
• Carl Jung

• Alfred Adler
• Max Planck
• Albert Einstein
• Ernst Rutherford
• Lise Meitner
• Nuclear Fission
• The Manhattan Project

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Alexander Fleming

• Fleming ? discovered that specific molds can kill
  infectious bacteria
• Penicillin ? specific mold that can be used to
  kill many types of malicious bacteria
• Penicillin would eventually lead a wave of
  antibiotics ? treatments that could be used to
  slowly rid the body of infectious bacteria

3
Sulfa Drugs

• German chemists were able to discover a red dye
  (Prontosil) could be used to cure infections.
• These drugs would be known as sulfanilamides ?
  these would be also known as sulfa drugs ? used
  to cure many infections and illnesses such as
  strep throat.
• These drugs have proven effective over time but
  overuse can lead to adaptation by the germs which
  prompts further work in the field

4
Other Advances

• Other advances were made in the medical field
  that contributed to modern medicine and has
  helped cure many disease.
• The polio vaccine ? developed by Jonas Salk, used
  to cure polio which attacks the nervous system
  and slowly deteriorates the body.
• The World Health Organization ? program used to
  provide immunizations to areas where people
  cannot afford them.
• Surgical advances ? neurosurgery became common
  around World War I, blood transfusions,
  pacemakers and transplants

5
Sigmund Freud

• Freud ? considered the father of psychoanalysis
  by many, one of the early leaders of the mental
  health field.
• Freud believed that people's problems were caused
  by deep rooted problems that had been pushed into
  the deeper parts of one's memory.
• He believed talk therapy or psychoanalysis was
  the only way to cure these problems.
• Many people became followers of psychoanalysis.

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Other Psychoanalysts

• Carl Jung ? believed that one's creative
  expression was a means by which one could figure
  out the neuroses affecting a person's life
• Jung would have his patients draw or write their
  dreams as a means of figuring out more about a
  person and their problems
• Alfred Adler ? posited the inferiority complex ?
  those that had poor opinions of themselves were
  more likely to engage in anti-social or
  destructive behavior.
• Adler believed that if one had a better
  self-image, they would be able to overcome their
  problems more readily.

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Results of Medical Advances

• Many major diseases that served to be the
  scourges of the past were now easily cured or
  avoided.
• New diseases would arrive in the future leading
  to new innovation being necessary to continue
  progression in medicine
• Mental health advances allowed for new techniques
  in dealing with criminals and other anti-social
  individuals
• Allowed professionals to be able to attempt
  rehabilitation and prevention of negative
  behavior.

8
Background to Atomic Theory

• Initially, physicists believed that atoms were
  just solid balls that served as building blocks
  for matter.
• Upon Curie's discovery of radium, she posited
  that these atoms have different weights and that
  they constantly give off tiny particles of matter
  called electrons and protons.

9
Max Planck

• Planck ? discovered that atoms release their
  particles in uneven spurts called quanta.
• His studies suggest that there is no sharp
  division between matter and energy.
• His field would be known as quantum mechanics.

10
Albert Einstein

• Einstein ? scientist chased out of Germany in
  1933 who became a leader in atomic theory and
  physics.
• Challenged Newton's theory about the constancy of
  time and space ? could not be fixed since
  everything is in motion.

11
Theory of Relativity

• Stated that speed and distance are relative to
  the frame of reference from which they are
  measured.
• There is only one constant, the speed of light.
• Discovered that matter and energy are in essence
  the same thing.
• Matter is capable of releasing large amounts of
  energy (expressed in the equation E
  mc(squared)).

12
Ernst Rutherford

• Rutherford ? discovered the structure of an atom
  in 1911.
• Described atoms as a mini solar system with
  particles revolving around the nucleus.
• Through his theory, he was able to split the atom
  in 1917.

13
Lise Meitner

• Meitner ? helped discover nuclear fission ?
  process by which a heavy nucleus is combined with
  another particle and then divides into two
  lighter nuclei.
• Realized that if this process is done in a chain
  reaction, the amount of energy released would be
  immense

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Nuclear Fission and the Manhattan Project

• Niels Bohr, a leading nuclear fission theorist,
  was forced to leave Denmark for the United States
  upon the invasion by the Nazis in 1940.
• He would help in the creation of the atomic bomb
  in Los Alamos, New Mexico.
• He would be joined by Enrico Fermi, Robert
  Oppenheimer and Edward Teller in the Manhattan
  Project ? mission to build the atomic bomb.
• Created the first nuclear reaction in 1942.
• Teller would help create the hydrogen bomb

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Manhattan Project