INTOXILYZER 5000 OPERATOR/INSTRUCTOR MANUAL

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Human Physiology and Alcohol
2
Physiology of Alcohol

• The biological science of essential
  characteristic life processes, activities
  functions
• Endogenous Alcohol
• Absorption
• Distribution
• Elimination

3
Physiology Overview

• Endogenous alcohol production
• Absorption
• Distribution
• Elimination
• metabolism
• excretion

4
Routes of Alcohol

• Inhalation
• Injection
• Absorption
• Insertion
• Ingestion

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Gastrointestinal Tract Absorption

• Mouth
• 5
• Stomach
• 25
• Small Intestine
• 70

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Absorption and Distribution
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Absorption Process

• Passive process
• Migrate from HIGH concentration to LOW
  concentration
• Migrates as unchanged molecule
• Across cell membranes
• Enters blood supply- circulatory system to affect
  body

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Migration of ETOH
Low Conc
High Conc
x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x
Blood Stream
Gastric
Cell Membrane
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Distribution

• Alcohol distributed throughout body by
  circulatory system blood supply
• Some organs receive more volume blood than others
• some organs and body parts have more water
  content than others

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Distribution

• A person with a BrAC of 0.100
• Urine 1.35
• Brain 1.17
• Blood Plasma 1.16
• Saliva 1.12
• Liver 0.91
• Fat Tissue 0.02

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ETOH Distribution Pathways
Representation of Ethyl Alcohol Distribution
Pathways
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Male vs Female
Each man consumes One fluid ounce Of Ethyl Alcohol
More alcohol per pound of water in 100 male than
200 male
100 Male 68 water
200 Male 136 water
200 man must consume twice as much as the 100
man to attain the same alcohol concentration
__________________________________________________
____________________________________________
More alcohol per pound of water in 100 female
than 100 male
100 male 68 water
100 female 55 water
100 male must consume more alcohol than the
100 female to attain the same alcohol
concentration
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Elimination (Part 1)

• Metabolism
• Alcohol Dehydrogenase Enzyme ADH
• Produced by liver
• Oxidizes or burns alcohol molecule
• 95-98 alcohol in body is metabolized
• Rate of 1 drink per hour, about 0.015
• ?? 0.150 BrAC how long to reach 0.000 BrAC ??

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Elimination (Part2)

• Direct Excretion
• Alcohol directly excreted or passed out of body
  by
• Urine
• Sweat
• tears
• saliva

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Alcohol In / Out
When drinking rate exceeds elimination rate, the
brain becomes sedated
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Widmark Formula

• Eric Widmark Swedish scientist
• Formula or Graph describes BAC level
• Describes different phases
• how many drinks in body at the time of the test
• Dose related concept
• Body weight
• BAC x Body Weight x 0.33 of drinks

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ESTIMATED AMOUNT OF 80 PROOF LIQUOR NEEDED TO
REACH GIVEN LEVELS OF ALCOHOL IN THE BLOOD
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Widmark Graph

• Three parts of blood alcohol curve
• absorptive phase
• peak phase
• elimination phase

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General Alcohol Concentration Curve
Peak
Alcohol Concentration
Elimination Phase
Absorption Phase
Time
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Factors affecting Widmark curve

• Food in the stomach
• Amount or number of drinks consumed
• Body weight
• Time

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Elimination Rate
150 LBS person drinking on an empty stomach
Hours
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
.150
.150
Legally Intoxicated
Stops Drinking
.120
.100
.100
.090
.080
.080
Legally Impaired
.050
.050
.000
.000
7 PM
8 PM
9 PM
10 PM
11 PM
12 AM
1 AM
2 AM
3 AM
4 AM
5 AM
6 AM
7 AM
Absorption
Elimination
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Ethanol Absorption Effect of Food in the Stomach
EMPTY STOMACH
Alcohol Concentration
FULL STOMACH
Time
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Dose Related
10 DRINKS
Alcohol Concentration
5 DRINKS
TIME
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Body Weight
110 LBS
Alcohol Concentration
220 LBS
TIME
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Time Related
Alcohol Concentration
10 DRINKS ONE HOUR
10 DRINKS TEN HOURS
TIME
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Alcohol Concentration LOWER at the Time of Test
than at Time of Arrest
Test
Arrest
Alcohol Concentration
Time
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Alcohol Concentration THE SAME at the Time of
Test and Arrest
Arrest
Test
Alcohol Concentration
Time
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Alcohol Concentration HIGHER at the Time of Test
than Time of Arrest
Test
Arrest
Alcohol Concentration
Time
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QUESTIONS?
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PHARMACOLOGY OF ALCOHOL

• EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON THE HUMAN BODY

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EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL

• DEPRESSANT - NOT A STIMULANT
• DOSE RELATED
• more drinks,greater influence, increased
  impairment
• AFFECTS CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• brain

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Myths vs Facts
alcohol

• It is a Depressant
• It has Calories
• It decreases Mental and
• Physical ability
• In given amounts alcohol
• affects individuals in different
• ways
• Time is the only way to sober
• up
• It will cause bodily damage if
• consumed in excess

• It is a Stimulant
• It has Nutrients
• It increases Mental and
• Physical ability
• In given amounts alcohol
• affects individuals in the
• same way
• There are ways to sober
• up quickly
• Any amount will cause
• bodily damage

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Greek Roman Banquets
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First Description of Effects of Wine by Eubulus
Health Revel Pleasure Black Eyes Sleep To
Policemen Violence Biliousness Uproar Hurling
Furniture
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EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL

• VISIBLE SIGNS
• VS
• INVISIBLE SIGNS

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Ethanol and Your Brain
1 Vital Functions 3 2 Muscle Control
2 3 Higher Learning 1
Center
Higher Learning
Progression of Ethanols Sedative Effects
Sequence of Mental Growth
Vital Functions
Muscle Control
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Stages of Intoxication
Begins Ends
Sobriety 0.00 0.05
Euphoria 0.03 0.12
Excitement 0.09 0.25
Confusion 0.18 0.30
Stupor 0.27 0.40
Coma 0.35 0.50
Death 0.35 0.50
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VISABLE SIGNS

• Confusion
• Sleepiness
• Disorderly/sloppy appearance
• Slurred, thick tongued speech
• Nausea
• Red, flushed face
• Glassy, watery eyes, staring

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The Role of Alcohol in Traffic Accidents (The
Grand Rapids Study)
45
40
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Relative Probability of Causing an Accident
30
25
Relative Probability
20
15
10
5
1
.00
.02 .04 .06 .08 .10 .12
.14 .16 .18
BAC
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QUESTIONS?
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Physiology of RespirationVital Processes

• Function of Respiration
• Mechanism of Respiration
• Alveolar Sac
• Henrys Law

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Exchange of ETOH Between Blood Breath in the
Alveolar Sacs of the Lungs
Lung Space
C2H5OH
Blood
Gas Exchange
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Air In /Air Out
Y
0
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Henrys LawThe vapor pressure that a gas
exerts above a liquid is directly proportional to
the weight of the gas dissolved in the liquid at
34 C.

• Chemical principle
• partitioning ratio between gas and liquid
  phase
• occurs at equilibrium
• balance, no net change
• occurs at 34oC
• occurs in a breath sample

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Henrys Law

• Simulator at 34ºC
• alcohol and water mixture
• 1 to 2100 ratio for alcohol
• Similar to breath sample
• Higher temp higher reading
• lower temp lower reading

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Liquid to Vapor
210L
x
Head Space Measure alcohol in air
x xx x x x x xx x x x x x x xxx xxx xxx
x x x x xx x x x x x xx x x xx xx x x
Measure liquid or alcohol in water using a
1/2100 proportion
100ml
1 molecule
_at_ 34ºC equilibrium is reached between liquid and
vapor
2100 molecules
2100 molecules
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Henrys Law
Alcohol in Solution Alcohol in Vapor
2100 molecules 1 molecule
4200 molecules 2 molecules
6300 molecules 3 molecules
8400 molecules 4 molecules
10500 molecules 5 molecules
21000 molecules 10 molecules
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Henrys Law

• The alcohol breath test based on Henrys Law
• Breath sample is End Expiratory Air from lungs
• Partitioning ratio is 1 to 2100
• Breath has 1/ 2100th as much alcohol as found in
  blood
• Blood has 2100 times as much alcohol as breath

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Henrys Law

• Grams of alcohol per
• BrAC 210 liters breath
• BAC 100 mls of blood
• Reported as Weight per Volume
• grams alcohol /210 liters breath
• grams alcohol / 100 milliliters blood

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Advantages of Breath Testing

• Immediate Results
• Lower Cost
• Non Invasive Procedure
• No Medical Personnel Needed
• Not Possible for Operator to Alter Results
• Fewer Witnesses for Court

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Intoxilyzer BrAC BACThe ultimate proof that
the Intoxilyzer is an accurate scientific
instrument comes from research which shows that
simultaneous Blood Breath tests had similar
results.This type of research is also conducted
using a simulator with a known alcohol content.
This is the method used for checking the
calibration of Intoxilyzers in Colorado.
Ultimate Proof
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QUESTIONS?