Title: Looking Back
1What Have We Learned about Technology
Applications and Assistive Technology Research?
Class 2 Assistive, Instructional, and
Administrative Applications of Technology/Spring,
2008
2For most of us, technology makes things easier.
For a person with a disability, it makes things
possible.J. Heumann
3Groundbreaking Public Policy Document
- OTA Report
- Technology and Handicapped People
- (U.S.Congress, Office of Technology Assessment,
1982).
4How do you see this type of evolution in
comparison with todays approach to building on
evidence-based practices?How do we continue to
scale-up and capture the potential of technology
for individuals with disabilities?
5II. Hannaford (1993)
- Much of what is presented as being known about
the use of computers with exceptional persons is
actually what is believed, felt, or hoped. While
there is an increasing amount of research and
evaluation support associated with various uses
of technology, there is still relatively little
empirical support for many statements found in
the popular literature.
6The Pre Computer Age Continuum
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vko8QeSl2lFg
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vU2AvOq9d42Q
7Pre Computer Milestones
-
- 1808 Precursor of Braille/raised dots for
sending military messages at night - 1834 Braille Code developed6 dot system
- 1892 Braille Typewriter
- 1900 Electrical amplifying device for
individuals who were hard of hearing - 1928 Radios given to citizens who are blind
seeing eye dogs introduced - 1934 Printed visagraphto enlarge print
- 1947 Perkins Brailler printing large type books
- 1953 Megascope project and magnify printed
materials - 1960 Teaching machines and programmed learning
- 1966 The laser cane is developed
- 1972 Pocket size braille writer
- 1974 Braille calculator
- 1975 Talking calculator
8The Reading Machine Then
- Source Popular Science Monthly, June 1932
- BLIND CAN NOW 'SEE' PRINT AND PICTURES
- "FOR the first time blind persons may actually
'see' pictures and read newsprint and typewritten
letters, through the 'visible. - Source Time Magazine, 1931
- Reading Machine
- Monday, Apr. 27, 1931
- The visagraph works as follows slim beams of
light are reflected from a printed page into a
selenium cell which translates the blank and
printed patches into various electrical
frequencies. The currents operate electromagnets
which drive pins against a sheet of aluminum. The
aluminum progressively becomes embossed with
letters as the master light roves across the
original page. The blind thereby can feel the
upcoming words almost as fast as the eye can see.
9The Reading Machine Now
- http//www.ndu.com/speakeasy.html?gclidCP-q3LL9r5
ECFQa0HgodtTaLWQ
10The Megascope
- http//www.luikerwaal.com/newframe_uk.htm?/fabrika
nten_hk_uk.htm
11Impact of Computers
- Computer assisted and multimedia instruction for
children with learning difficulties - Synthetic speech for non-vocal children
- Assistive and adaptive equipment for those with
physical disabilities, sensory impairments,
communication disorders, and learning
disabilities - Translation of printed text into spoken text for
people with visual impairments and reading
disabilities
12Impact of Computers
- Use of virtual reality to train students how to
operate wheelchairs - Computer-generated IEPs
- Computerized databases of information about
assistive technologies - Devices to enable the enlargement of text
materials for those with visual impairments - Voice recognition systems to enable people who
cannot write to produce written text
13Impact of Computers
- Searchable databases related to special education
literature and related services - Robotic arms that can be used to assist people
who are paralyzed - Robust performance support technologies
- Telecommunication Devices for the Deaf (TDD)
14Impact of Computers
- Multimedia/interactive video
- UDL
- Internet/websites/web. 2.0 tools
15Looking at Technology Today Continuum
16No Tech
- Systematic teaching routines, procedures or
contributions of related services personnelPT or
OT
17Low Tech
- Adapted spoon handles, Velcro fasteners, raised
desks - Mid Tech (videos, DVDs, RFBD tools, projection
devices)
18High Tech
- Computers, interactive multi-media systems
- Performance support applications
19Consideration
- When planning.start with no/low tech and move
upto enable a student to function in as many
environments as possible.
20Back in Time..
- Mid 60s trend emergedconcept of instructional
technology. http//www.youtube.com/watch?vPhburQa
l89k - 1970sTechnology involved more than just hardware
21Back in Time
- 1980s
- IT further defined in a comprehensive review
- Blackhurst Hofmeister
- Review identified two types of technology
applications in special education - Media technology
- focus on devices
- Systems technology
- systematic approach to instruction
22Back in Time..
- 1990s
- Rapid growth of microcomputer technology
- Increased research on instructional procedures
- Continuous invention of new devices to aid
individuals with health problems, physical
disabilities, and sensory impairments
2321st Century
- Six Types of Technology (Blackhurst Lahm, 2000)
- Technology of Teaching
- Instructional Technology
- Assistive Technology
- Medical Technology
- Technology Productivity Tools
- Information Technology
24Technologies of Teaching
- Instructional approaches
- that are systematically designed and applied in
precise ways
25Instructional Technology
- More than just projection devices, equipment,
video recordersmore than just hardware. - In addition to devices, IT involves a systematic
way of designing, carrying out, and evaluating
the total process of learning and teaching.
26Assistive Technology
- AT employs various types of services and devices
to help people with disabilities function within
the environment.
27Medical Technology
- THEME
- as knowledge expands and computer chips become
more powerful and smaller remarkable medical
technologies will continue to emerge.
28Technology Productivity Tools
- Computer software, hardware, and related systems
that enable people to work more effectively and
efficiently.
29Information Technology
- Provides access to knowledge and resources on a
wide range of topics - Clearinghouses, portals, learning communities,
etc.
30Major Federal Initiatives
- P.L. 94-142 (1975)/IDEA
- Required AT to be considered for each student
with an IEP. - School personnel required to develop policies and
procedures for meeting this provision of the law. - P.L. 99-506 (1986)/Sec 508
- Amended Rehab Act of 1973 adding Section 508.
- Required access to computers and other electronic
office equipment in places of federal employment. - P. L. 100-407 (1988)/Tech Act
- Provided funding for statewide systems and
services to provide AT devices and services to
individuals with disabilities includes outreach
to parents - Conduct needs assessments, identify technology
resources, provide AT services and conduct public
awareness programs - Provided definitions of AT and other devices and
services - P. L. 101-336 American Disabilities Act (1990)
- Broadened definition of those who are considered
to have disabilities. Broadened agencies and
employers covered by Sec. 508 requirements - Mandates additional protections
- Accessible public transportation systems
- Communication systems
- Access to public buildings
31IDEA 2004
- Assistive technology device
- Any item, piece of equipment, or product system,
whether acquired commercially off the shelf,
modified, or customized, that is used to
increase, maintain, or improve functional
capabilities of a child with a disability. -
32IDEA 2004
- Assistive technology service
- Any service that directly assists a child with a
disability in the selection, acquisition, or use
of an assistive technology device. -
33SEIMC Network
- 1964 funding for two prototype Special Education
Instructional Materials Centers (SEIMCs) to
explore ways to make instructional technologies
more accessible to special education teachers. - National network established
- Disbanded but with a strong legacy
- CEC journalTeaching Exceptional Children (1968)
- Association for Special Education Technology
(1972) - Special Education Technology (JSET) (1978)
- Technology and Media (CEC Division) (1984)
- Publishes JSET
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