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Looking Back

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Title: For most of us, technology makes things easier. For a person with a disability, it makes things possible. Heumann Author: SPSBE Last modified by – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Looking Back


1
What Have We Learned about Technology
Applications and Assistive Technology Research?
Class 2 Assistive, Instructional, and
Administrative Applications of Technology/Spring,
2008
  • Looking Back

2
For most of us, technology makes things easier.
For a person with a disability, it makes things
possible.J. Heumann
3
Groundbreaking Public Policy Document
  • OTA Report
  • Technology and Handicapped People
  • (U.S.Congress, Office of Technology Assessment,
    1982).

4
How do you see this type of evolution in
comparison with todays approach to building on
evidence-based practices?How do we continue to
scale-up and capture the potential of technology
for individuals with disabilities?
5
II. Hannaford (1993)
  • Much of what is presented as being known about
    the use of computers with exceptional persons is
    actually what is believed, felt, or hoped. While
    there is an increasing amount of research and
    evaluation support associated with various uses
    of technology, there is still relatively little
    empirical support for many statements found in
    the popular literature.

6
The Pre Computer Age Continuum
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vko8QeSl2lFg
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vU2AvOq9d42Q
7
Pre Computer Milestones
  • 1808 Precursor of Braille/raised dots for
    sending military messages at night
  • 1834 Braille Code developed6 dot system
  • 1892 Braille Typewriter
  • 1900 Electrical amplifying device for
    individuals who were hard of hearing
  • 1928 Radios given to citizens who are blind
    seeing eye dogs introduced
  • 1934 Printed visagraphto enlarge print
  • 1947 Perkins Brailler printing large type books
  • 1953 Megascope project and magnify printed
    materials
  • 1960 Teaching machines and programmed learning
  • 1966 The laser cane is developed
  • 1972 Pocket size braille writer
  • 1974 Braille calculator
  • 1975 Talking calculator

8
The Reading Machine Then
  • Source Popular Science Monthly, June 1932
  • BLIND CAN NOW 'SEE' PRINT AND PICTURES
  • "FOR the first time blind persons may actually
    'see' pictures and read newsprint and typewritten
    letters, through the 'visible.
  • Source Time Magazine, 1931
  • Reading Machine
  • Monday, Apr. 27, 1931
  • The visagraph works as follows slim beams of
    light are reflected from a printed page into a
    selenium cell which translates the blank and
    printed patches into various electrical
    frequencies. The currents operate electromagnets
    which drive pins against a sheet of aluminum. The
    aluminum progressively becomes embossed with
    letters as the master light roves across the
    original page. The blind thereby can feel the
    upcoming words almost as fast as the eye can see.

9
The Reading Machine Now
  • http//www.ndu.com/speakeasy.html?gclidCP-q3LL9r5
    ECFQa0HgodtTaLWQ

10
The Megascope
  • http//www.luikerwaal.com/newframe_uk.htm?/fabrika
    nten_hk_uk.htm

11
Impact of Computers
  • Computer assisted and multimedia instruction for
    children with learning difficulties
  • Synthetic speech for non-vocal children
  • Assistive and adaptive equipment for those with
    physical disabilities, sensory impairments,
    communication disorders, and learning
    disabilities
  • Translation of printed text into spoken text for
    people with visual impairments and reading
    disabilities

12
Impact of Computers
  • Use of virtual reality to train students how to
    operate wheelchairs
  • Computer-generated IEPs
  • Computerized databases of information about
    assistive technologies
  • Devices to enable the enlargement of text
    materials for those with visual impairments
  • Voice recognition systems to enable people who
    cannot write to produce written text

13
Impact of Computers
  • Searchable databases related to special education
    literature and related services
  • Robotic arms that can be used to assist people
    who are paralyzed
  • Robust performance support technologies
  • Telecommunication Devices for the Deaf (TDD)

14
Impact of Computers
  • Multimedia/interactive video
  • UDL
  • Internet/websites/web. 2.0 tools

15
Looking at Technology Today Continuum
  • N o Low High

16
No Tech
  • Systematic teaching routines, procedures or
    contributions of related services personnelPT or
    OT

17
Low Tech
  • Adapted spoon handles, Velcro fasteners, raised
    desks
  • Mid Tech (videos, DVDs, RFBD tools, projection
    devices)

18
High Tech
  • Computers, interactive multi-media systems
  • Performance support applications

19
Consideration
  • When planning.start with no/low tech and move
    upto enable a student to function in as many
    environments as possible.

20
Back in Time..
  • Mid 60s trend emergedconcept of instructional
    technology. http//www.youtube.com/watch?vPhburQa
    l89k
  • 1970sTechnology involved more than just hardware

21
Back in Time
  • 1980s
  • IT further defined in a comprehensive review
  • Blackhurst Hofmeister
  • Review identified two types of technology
    applications in special education
  • Media technology
  • focus on devices
  • Systems technology
  • systematic approach to instruction

22
Back in Time..
  • 1990s
  • Rapid growth of microcomputer technology
  • Increased research on instructional procedures
  • Continuous invention of new devices to aid
    individuals with health problems, physical
    disabilities, and sensory impairments

23
21st Century
  • Six Types of Technology (Blackhurst Lahm, 2000)
  • Technology of Teaching
  • Instructional Technology
  • Assistive Technology
  • Medical Technology
  • Technology Productivity Tools
  • Information Technology

24
Technologies of Teaching
  • Instructional approaches
  • that are systematically designed and applied in
    precise ways

25
Instructional Technology
  • More than just projection devices, equipment,
    video recordersmore than just hardware.
  • In addition to devices, IT involves a systematic
    way of designing, carrying out, and evaluating
    the total process of learning and teaching.

26
Assistive Technology
  • AT employs various types of services and devices
    to help people with disabilities function within
    the environment.

27
Medical Technology
  • THEME
  • as knowledge expands and computer chips become
    more powerful and smaller remarkable medical
    technologies will continue to emerge.

28
Technology Productivity Tools
  • Computer software, hardware, and related systems
    that enable people to work more effectively and
    efficiently.

29
Information Technology
  • Provides access to knowledge and resources on a
    wide range of topics
  • Clearinghouses, portals, learning communities,
    etc.

30
Major Federal Initiatives
  • P.L. 94-142 (1975)/IDEA
  • Required AT to be considered for each student
    with an IEP.
  • School personnel required to develop policies and
    procedures for meeting this provision of the law.
  • P.L. 99-506 (1986)/Sec 508
  • Amended Rehab Act of 1973 adding Section 508.
  • Required access to computers and other electronic
    office equipment in places of federal employment.
  • P. L. 100-407 (1988)/Tech Act
  • Provided funding for statewide systems and
    services to provide AT devices and services to
    individuals with disabilities includes outreach
    to parents
  • Conduct needs assessments, identify technology
    resources, provide AT services and conduct public
    awareness programs
  • Provided definitions of AT and other devices and
    services
  • P. L. 101-336 American Disabilities Act (1990)
  • Broadened definition of those who are considered
    to have disabilities. Broadened agencies and
    employers covered by Sec. 508 requirements
  • Mandates additional protections
  • Accessible public transportation systems
  • Communication systems
  • Access to public buildings

31
IDEA 2004
  • Assistive technology device
  • Any item, piece of equipment, or product system,
    whether acquired commercially off the shelf,
    modified, or customized, that is used to
    increase, maintain, or improve functional
    capabilities of a child with a disability.

32
IDEA 2004
  • Assistive technology service
  • Any service that directly assists a child with a
    disability in the selection, acquisition, or use
    of an assistive technology device.

33
SEIMC Network
  • 1964 funding for two prototype Special Education
    Instructional Materials Centers (SEIMCs) to
    explore ways to make instructional technologies
    more accessible to special education teachers.
  • National network established
  • Disbanded but with a strong legacy
  • CEC journalTeaching Exceptional Children (1968)
  • Association for Special Education Technology
    (1972)
  • Special Education Technology (JSET) (1978)
  • Technology and Media (CEC Division) (1984)
  • Publishes JSET

34
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