BIO. 1300/1400/2393/3393

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BIO. 1300/1400/2393/3393

• THE CELL

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CELL MEMBRANE

• FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
• SEMIPERMEABLE
• CONTAINS PHOSPHOLIPIDS
• CONTAINS NUMEROUS PROTEINS
• TRANSPORT PROTEINS
• ENZYMES
• CHANNEL PROTEINS
• RECOGNITION PROTEINS
• RECEPTOR PROTEINS

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PROKARYOTIC CELLS

• NO TRUE NUCLEUS
• HAVE MEMBRANES
• MAY HAVE PROTECTIVE AREA AROUND THE MEMBRANE
• MAY HAVE MOTILITY ORGANELLES EXTENDING FROM THE
  MEMBRANE
• BACTERIA AND BLUE-GREEN ALGAE

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EUKARYOTIC CELLS

• HAVE A TRUE NUCLEUS
• NUCLEUS HAS A DOUBLE MEMBRANE
• MAY HAVE A NUCLEOLUS AREA WHICH STORES AND
  PROCESSES RNA BEFORE IT IS RELEASED FROM THE
  NUCLEUS
• DNA COMPOSES THE CHROMATIN FOUND WITHIN THE
  NUCLEUS

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MOVING THROUGH MEMBRANES

• PASSIVE PROCESSESNO ATP REQUIRED AND NO CARRIER
  COMPOUNDS
• ACTIVE PROCESSESATP AND CARRIER COMPOUNDS ARE
  USED
• ACTIVE TRANSPORT
• PINOCYTOSIS
• PHAGOCYTOSIS

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PASSIVE MOVEMENT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANES

• DIFFUSION
• CAN OCCUR IN A SOLID, A LIQUID OR A GAS
• THE MOVEMENT OF MATERIAL FROM AN AREA OF GREATER
  CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LESSER CONCENTRATION
• OSMOSISDIFFUSION OF WATER THROUGH A
  SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE
• FACILITATED DIFFUSIONCARRIER COMPOUND USED BUT
  NO ATP

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TYPES OF SOLUTIONS

• ISOTONICTHE CONCENTRATION OF PARTICLES PER UNIT
  VOLUME IS THE SAME INSIDE AND OUTSIDE THE
  CELLTHERE IS NO NET OSMOSIS OF WATER TO THE
  OUTSIDE OR THE OUTSIDE OF THE CELL THE CELL
  STAYS THE SAME SIZE

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TYPES OF SOLUTIONS

• HYPOTONIC THERE ARE FEWER PARTICLES PER UNIT
  VOLUME IN THE SOLUTION THAN IN THE CELLNET
  OSMOSIS OF WATER IS TO THE INSIDE OF THE CELL
  THE CELL SWELLS

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TYPES OF SOLUTIONS

• HYPERTONIC THERE ARE MORE PARTICLES PER UNIT
  VOLUME IN THE SOLUTION THAN IN THE CELLTHERE IS
  NET OSMOSIS OF WATER TO THE OUTSIDE OF THE
  CELLTHE CELL SHRINKS

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OSMOTIC PRESSURE

• THE OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF A SOLUTION IS DIRECTLY
  RELATED TO THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES PRESENTTHE
  MORE PARTICLES THE GREATER THE OSMOTIC PRESSURE
  AND VICE VERSA

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PINOCYTOSISCELL DRINKING

• MATERIALS LAND ON THE CELL MEMBRANE
• MEMBRANE INVAGINATES FORMING A PINOSOME
• LYSOSOME IN THE CELL COMBINES WITH THE PINOSOME
  FORMING A PINOLYSOSOME
• RESIDUAL BODY IS WASTECONTAINS NON-DIGESTIBLE
  MATERIAL

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PHAGOCYTOSISCELL EATING

• PROCESSES OF THE CELL PSEUDOPODS OR FALSE ARMS
  MOVE OUT TO SURROUND THE MATERIAL AND BRING IT
  INTO THE CELL FORMING A PHAGOSOME
• LYSOSOME JOINS WITH THE PHAGOSOME TO MAKE A
  PHAGOLYSOSOME
• THE RESIDUAL BODY IS THE WASTE LEFT AFTER
  DIGESTION IS COMPLETED

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CELL ORGANELLES

• MEMBRANOUS
• ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUMROUGH OR SMOOTH
• GOLGI BODY
• LYSOSOMES
• VACUOLESPEROXISOMES AND CONTRACTILE VACUOLES

• MITOCHONDRIONCONTAINS FOLDS CALLED CRISTAE
• CELL RESPIRATION OCCURS IN THIS ORGANELLEKREBS
  CYCLE AND THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM
• CHLOROPLASTSPHOTOSYNTHESIS OCCURS HERE
• CONTAIN STACKS OF THYLAKOIDS CALLED GRANA WHICH
  ARE HELD TOGETHER BY LAMELLAE OR FRETS

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NONMEMBRANOUS ORGANELLES

• RIBOSOMESINVOLVED IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
• MAY BE ATTACHED TO THE ER
• MAY BE IN POLYSOMESCHAINS OF RIBOSOMES WITH MRNA
  IN THE CYTOSOL

• MICROTUBULES
• MICROFILAMENTS AND INTERMEDIATE FIBERS PP.
  74-75
• CENTRIOLES90 PATTERN- LOCATED IN A REGION
  CALLED THE CENTROSOME
• CILIA AND FLAGELLA HAVE THE 92 PATTERN OF
  MICROTUBULES
• INCLUSION BODIES

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COMPARING PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS

• PLANT CELLS HAVE CELL WALLS AND ANIMAL CELLS DO
  NOT
• PLANT CELLS HAVE CHLOROPLASTS AND ANIMAL CELLS DO
  NOT
• PLANT CELLS HAVE A LARGE CENTRAL VACUOLE FILLED
  WITH WATER WHICH ANIMALS DO NOT HAVE
• ANIMAL CELLS HAVE CENTRIOLES AND PLANT CELLS DO
  NOT PLANT CELLS DO HAVE A MICROTUBULE ORGANIZING
  CENTER WHICH PRODUCES SPINDLE FIBERS DURING CELL
  DIVISION