PDM: the Octograph

1
PDM the Octograph
2
Autocratic. Consultative. Democratic

• CI This consultative (collective) leadership
  style is The leader shares the problem with the
  relevant team members individually getting their
  ideas and suggestions without bringing them
  together as a group. Then the leader makes the
  decision that may or may or reflect team member
  influence.
• CII The leader shares the problem with the
  relevant team members as a group, obtaining their
  collective ideas and suggestions. Then the leader
  makes the decision that may or may not reflect
  team member influence.
• AI The first autocratic style is described as
  follows The leader solves the problem or makes
  the decision using information available to the
  leader at the time.
• AII The leader obtains the necessary information
  from team members, then decides the solution. The
  team members provide the necessary information to
  the leader rather than generating or evaluating
  alternative solutions.
• GI The democratic (also called group) leadership
  style is The leader shares the problem with the
  relevant team members as a group. Together they
  generate and evaluate alternatives and attempt to
  reach agreement (consensus) on a solution. The
  leader's role is much like that of chairperson.
  The leader does not try to influence the group to
  adopt a solution and is willing to accept and
  implement any solution that has support of the
  entire group. The designation GII (instead of G1)
  is for consistency with the literature regarding
  leadership.

3
Decision situation use Vroom Yetton
You are a department head with ten subordinates.
The company has authorised you to adopt a
flexitime schedule with some employees reporting
to work earlier than others and leaving earlier.
At present, everyone reports to work at the same
time. The different arrangements of work
schedules possible for your department would not
affect the capacity of your subordinates to get
the work done. However, you are aware that your
subordinates have strong preferences in this
matter, and some competition is likely for the
best times. How would you decide what work
schedule to assign to each subordinate?
4
Questions

• How would you decide what work schedule to assign
  to each subordinate?
• Is this an individual problem (IP) or a group
  problem (GP)?
• Which policy alternatives would you choose to
  analyse in your report?

Individual AI AII CI GI DI Group AI AII CI CII
GII
5
Decision Making Style

• AI Autocratic I Leader solves the problem
  alone using information that is readily available
  to him/her
• AII Autocratic ll Leader obtains additional
  information from group members, then makes
  decision alone. Group members may or may not be
  informed.
• CI Consultative l Leader shares problem with
  group members individually, and asks for
  information and evaluation. Group members do not
  meet collectively, and leader makes decision
  alone.
• CII Consultative ll Leader shares problem with
  group members collectively, but makes decision
  alone
• GII Group ll Leader meets with group to
  discuss situation. Leader focuses and directs
  discussion, but does not impose will. Group makes
  final decision.

6
Flow Chart Redgroup
A. Is there a quality requirement such that one
solution is likely to be more rational than
another? B. Do I have sufficient info to make a
high quality decision? C. Is the problem
structured? D. Is acceptance of decision by
subordinates critical to effective
implementation? E. If I were to make the decision
by myself, is it reasonably certain that it would
be accepted by my subordinates? F. Do
subordinates share the organizational goals to be
attained in solving this problem? G. Is conflict
among subordinates likely in preferred solutions?
(the question is irrelevant to individual
problems) H. Do subordinate have sufficient info
to make a high quality decision?
1 AI, AII, CI, CII, GII 1 AI, DI, AII, CI, GI 2 GII 2 DI, GI 3 AI, AII, CI, CII, GII 3 AI, DI, AII, CI, GI 4 AI, AII, CI, CII, GII 4 AI, AII, CI, GI 5 AI, AII, CI, CII 5 AI, AII, CI 6 GII 6 DI, GI 7 GII 7 GI 8 CII 8 CI 9 CI, CIII 9 CI 10 AII, CI, CII 10 AII, CI 11 AII, CI, CII, GII 11 DI, AII, CI, GI 12 AII, CI, CII, GII 12 AII, CI, GI 13 CII 13 CI 14 CII, GII 14 DI, CI, GI 15 CII, GII 15 CI, GI 16 GII 16 DI GI 17 GII 17 GI 18 CII 18 CI
7
Combinations and Permutations
8
Requirements Quality - Time - Accptance

1. Quality Requirement (QR) How important is the
   technical quality of the decision?
2. Commitment Requirement (CR) How important is
   subordinate commitment to the decision?
3. Leader's Information (LI) Do you (the leader)
   have sufficient information to make a high
   quality decision on your own?
4. Problem Structure (ST) Is the problem well
   structured (e.g., defined, clear, organized, lend
   itself to solution, time limited, etc.)?
5. Commitment Probability (CP) If you were to make
   the decision by yourself, is it reasonably
   certain that your subordinates would be committed
   to the decision?
6. Goal Congruence (GC) Do subordinates share the
   organizational goals to be attained in solving
   the problem?
7. Subordinate conflict (CO) Is conflict among
   subordinates over preferred solutions likely?
8. Subordinate information (SI) Do subordinates
   have sufficient information to make a high
   quality decision?

9
Cases 1, 2, 3 4

• Questions case 1
• A (Quality?) yes
• B (Leaders information?) yes
• E (Acceptance?) no
• Problem type 4
• Feasible set AI, AII, CI, CII, GII
• Minimum man-hours solution (from figure 3.2) AI
• Rule violation none
• Questions Case 2
• A (Quality?) no
• E (Acceptance?) yes
• F (Prior probability of acceptance?) no
• Problem type 3
• Feasible set GII
• Minimum man-hours solution (from figure 3.2) GII
• Rule violation
• AI and AII violate rules 4, 5 6.
• CI violates rules 5 6
• CII violates rule 6.

• Questions Case 3
• A (Quality?) yes
• B (Leaders information?) no
• D (Structured?) no
• E (Acceptance?) no
• Problem type 14
• Feasible set CII, GII
• Minimum man-hours solution (from figure 3.2) CII
• Rule violation
• AI violates rules 1 3.
• AII violates rule 3.
• CI violates rule 3.
• Questions Case 4
• A (Quality?) yes
• B (Leaders information?) no
• C (Subordinates information?) yes
• D (Structured?) no
• E (Acceptance?) yes
• F (Prior probability of acceptance?) no

10
Further developments

• Check the Internet to find the model of Vroom
  Jago. Vroom, V. H., Jago, A. G. (1988). The new
  leadership Managing participation in
  organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice
  Hall.