Syntax Word patterns

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SyntaxWord patterns
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Post post-

• Post haste
• Post hoc
• Post the Geneva meeting of Opec the OECD reckons
  that its 24 member countries

postpartum Postmodern Postposition post-apartheid
Post-game
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Post post-
S
NP
AvpP
NP
VP
NP
N
V
Aux
Adv
Det
N
Post the election Frink was depressed
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Post post-
S
A
NP
VP
NP
N
Af
NP
AP
postpartum
N
V
N
A
Marge has postpartum depression
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Post post-
A
Adv
N
Af
postpartum
post
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Arguments and roles

• Argument a phrase governed by a predicate
  (verb).
• Grammatical role the grammatical job arguments
  assume.
• Semantic role the conceptual job arguments
  assume.

Semasiological (concern form)
Onomasiological (concern meaning)
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Linear SequenceEnglish basic sentence patterns
(p.89)

• V1
• V2
• V3
• VCOP
• VCOMP
• VT-COMP

Intransitive Transitive Ditransitive
Copulative Complement Transitive-complement
1 argument
2 arguments
3 arguments
2 arguments (1 complement)
2 argument (1complement)
3 arguments(1complement)
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Sentences

• Homer preens.
• Homer loves his blanket.
• Homer eats.
• Homer eats crap.
• The fat bald guy eats crap.
• The fat bald guy eats vast quantities of
  artery-hardening crap.
• The fat bald guy throws the dog a bone.

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Verbs

• Homer preens.
• Homer loves his blanket.
• Homer eats.
• Homer eats crap.
• The fat bald guy eats crap.
• The fat bald guy eats vast quantities of
  artery-hardening crap.
• The fat bald guy throws the dog a bone .

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Arguments
V1

• Homer preens.
• Homer loves his blanket.
• Homer eats.
• Homer eats crap.
• The fat bald guy eats crap.
• The fat bald guy eats vast quantities of
  artery-hardening crap.
• The fat bald guy throws the dog a bone.

V2
V1
V2
V2
V2
V3
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Sentences

• Homer is sexy.
• Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy.
• Homer is in the kitchen.
• Homer goes to the bar.
• The collar belongs to Santas Little Helper.
• Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.
• Bart throws a bone to the dog

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Verbs

• Homer is sexy.
• Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy.
• Homer is in the kitchen.
• Homer goes to the bar.
• The collar belongs to Santas Little Helper.
• Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.
• Bart throws a bone to the dog.

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Arguments
VCOP

• Homer is sexy.
• Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy.
• Homer is in the kitchen.
• Homer goes to the bar.
• The collar belongs to Santas Little Helper.
• Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.
• Bart throws a bone to the dog.

VCOP
VCOP
VCOMP
VCOMP
VT-COMP
VT-C0MP
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Semantic roles
Patient
Essive

• Homer is sexy.
• Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy.
• Homer is in the kitchen.
• Homer goes to the bar.
• The collar belongs to Santas Little Helper.
• Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.
• Bart throws a bone to the dog.

Patient
Essive
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Semantic roles
Patient
Essive

• Homer is sexy.
• Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy.
• Homer is in the kitchen.
• Homer goes to the bar.
• The collar belongs to Santas Little Helper.
• Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.
• Bart throws a bone to the dog.

Patient
Essive
Patient
Essive
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Semantic roles
Patient
Essive

• Homer is sexy.
• Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy.
• Homer is in the kitchen.
• Homer goes to the bar.
• The collar belongs to Santas Little Helper.
• Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.
• Bart throws a bone to the dog.

Patient
Essive
Patient
Essive
Agent
Location
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Semantic roles
Patient
Essive

• Homer is sexy.
• Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy.
• Homer is in the kitchen.
• Homer goes to the bar.
• The collar belongs to Santas Little Helper.
• Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.
• Bart throws a bone to the dog.

Patient
Essive
Patient
Essive
Agent
Location
Patient
Possessor
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Semantic roles
Patient
Essive

• Homer is sexy.
• Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy.
• Homer is in the kitchen.
• Homer goes to the bar.
• The collar belongs to Santas Little Helper.
• Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.
• Bart throws a bone to the dog.

Patient
Essive
Patient
Essive
Agent
Location
Patient
Possessor
Patient
Agent
Recipient
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Semantic roles
Patient
Essive

• Homer is sexy.
• Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy.
• Homer is in the kitchen.
• Homer goes to the bar.
• The collar belongs to Santas Little Helper.
• Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.
• Bart throws a bone to the dog.

Patient
Essive
Patient
Essive
Agent
Location
Patient
Possessor
Patient
Agent
Recipient
Patient
Agent
Recipient
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Semantic Roles
Role Definition
Agent The entity that performs the action
Patient The entity undergoing the action the object of the experience
Experiencer The entity that experiences the state
Receiver The entity receives something from the action
Essive Anything predicated by the (main) verb to be
Possessor The entity who possesses something.
Source The starting point for a movement
Goal The end point for a movement
Path The route over which movement happens

Time The time an event occurs
Location The place an event happens
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Event schemata
Being Happening Doing Experiencing Having Moving T
ransferring
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Semantic Roles
Role Event Schemata
Agent DOING, MOVING, TRANSFERRING
Patient BEING, HAPPENING, DOING, EXPERIENCING, HAVING, MOVING, TRANSFERRING
Experiencer EXPERIENCING
Receiver TRANSFERRING
Essive BEING
Possessor HAVING, TRANSFERRING

Source MOVING, TRANSFERRING
Goal MOVING, TRANSFERRING
Path MOVING, TRANSFERRING

Time ALL
Location ALL
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Simplex event schemata
Subject NP Patient Complement Essive

• Being
• Happening
• Doing
• Experiencing
• Having

E.g.s Homer is large. Homer is a safety
inspector. Homer is in the shower.
Complements
Subjects
Essives
Patients
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Simplex event schemata

• Being
• Happening
• Doing
• Experiencing
• Having

Subject NP Patient E.g.s Homer fell
asleep. Homer ages. Homer stumbled.
Subjects
Patients
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Simplex event schemata

• Being
• Happening
• Doing
• Experiencing
• Having

Subject NP Agent E.g.s Homer eats. Homer
yells.
Subjects
Agents
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Simplex event schemata

• Being
• Happening
• Doing
• Experiencing
• Having

Subject NP Agent (Object NP Patient) E.g.s
Homer eats. Homer yells. Homer catches
Bart. Homer blamed Marge.
Subjects
Objects
Agents
Patients
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Simplex event schemata

• Being
• Happening
• Doing
• Experiencing
• Having

Subject NP Experiencer (Object NP
Patient) E.g.s Homer laments. Homer loathes
Flanders. Homer saw Chief Wiggum.
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Simplex event schemata

• Being
• Happening
• Doing
• Experiencing
• Having

Subject NP Experiencer (Object NP
Patient) E.g.s Homer laments. Homer loathes
Flanders. Homer saw Chief Wiggum.
(Contrast Homer watched Chief Wiggum.)
Subjects
Objects
Experiencer
Patients
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Simplex event schemata

• Being
• Happening
• Doing
• Experiencing
• Having

Subject NP Possessor Object NP Patient E.g.s
Homer has three kids. Homer has a keen sense of
smell. Homer has chicken pox. Homer owns a
dog. Homer possesses a hatbox.
Subjects
Objects
Possessors
Patients
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Complex event schemata
Simplex occurrence (Happening, Having, or Doing)
with explicit reference to motion. Start
Source End Goal Route Path

• Moving
• Transferring

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Complex event schemata
Simplex occurrence (Happening, Having, or Doing)
with explicit reference to motion. Happening
Source/Path/Goal Doing Source/Path/Goal

• Moving
• Transferring

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Complex event schemata
Happening Source/Path/Goal Subj NP
Patient Complements Source, Path, Goal

• Moving
• Transferring

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Complex event schemata
Happening Source/Path/Goal E.g.s Homer
stumbled home. Homer stumbled home from
Apus. Homer stumbled home, down the sidewalk
from Apus.

• Moving
• Transferring

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Complex event schemata
Happening Source/Path/Goal

• Moving
• Transferring

Homer stumbled home, down the sidewalk from Apus.
Patient
Source
Path
Goal
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Complex event schemata
Doing Source/Path/Goal E.g.s Homer climbed
out of the window. Homer climbed up Mount
Splashmore from base camp to the summit. Homer
ran screaming across the back yard to Flanders.

• Moving
• Transferring

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Complex event schemata
Doing Source/Path/Goal

• Moving
• Transferring

Homer ran screaming across the back yard to
Flanders.
Goal
Agent
Path
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Complex event schemata
Happening Having Moving Doing

• Moving
• Transferring

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Complex event schemata
Happening Having Moving Doing

• Moving
• Transferring

A complex schema already
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Complex event schemata
Happening Having Moving Doing

• Moving
• Transferring

A complex schema already
Happening or Doing Source/Path/Goal
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Complex event schemata
Happening Having Moving Doing E.g. Homer
dropped the ball on his foot. Homer won 1.76
from the Springfield Lottery Corporation.

• Moving
• Transferring

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Complex event schemata
Happening Having Moving Doing E.g. Homer
dropped the ball on his foot.

• Moving
• Transferring

Happening
Patient
Patient
Patient
Source
Moving
Goal
Patient
Patient
Happening
Patient
Patient
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Complex event schemata
Happening Having Moving Doing E.g.s Homer
sold the dog. Homer sold the dog to Moe. Homer
bought the dog from Moe. Homer bought the dog
from a puppy mill in Halton.

• Moving
• Transferring

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Complex event schemata
Happening Having Moving Doing E.g. Homer sold
the dog.

• Moving
• Transferring

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Complex event schemata
Happening Having Moving Doing E.g. Homer sold
the dog.

• Moving
• Transferring

Having Its about possession, Moving but the
possession moves. It leaves Homer (transfers
from him). Doing Homer actively causes the
transfer.
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Complex event schemata
Happening Having Moving Doing E.g. Homer sold
the dog.

• Moving
• Transferring

Possessor
Patient
Having
Moving
Source
Patient
Doing
Agent
Patient
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Complex event schemata
Happening Having Moving Doing E.g. Homer sold
the dog to Moe.

• Moving
• Transferring

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Complex event schemata
Happening Having Moving Doing E.g. Homer sold
the dog to Moe.

• Moving
• Transferring

Having Its about possession, Moving but the
possession moves. It transfers from Homer to
Moe. Doing Homer actively causes the
transfer.
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Complex event schemata
Happening Having Moving Doing E.g.s Homer
threw the dog a bone. Homer mailed Marge a letter.

• Moving
• Transferring

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Complex event schemata
Happening Having Moving Doing E.g. Homer
threw the dog a bone.

• Moving
• Transferring

Agent
Receiver
Doing
Patient
Source
Goal
Moving
Patient
Agent
Doing
Patient
Receiver
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Arguments and voice
Doing schema Active voice
Argument2
Argument1
V2
Maggie bandages the cat.
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Arguments and voiceGrammatical roles
Doing schema Active voice
Object
Subject
V2
Maggie bandages the cat.
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Arguments and voice Semantic roles
Doing schema Active voice
Patient
Agent
V2
Maggie bandages the cat.
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Arguments and voice
Happening schema Passive voice
V1
Argument1
The cat is bandaged by Maggie.
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Arguments and voice Grammatical roles
Happening schema Passive voice
Subject
V1
Comp
The cat is bandaged by Maggie.
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Arguments and voice
Happening schema Passive voice

• Passive
• an alternate Happening schema for a proposition
  normally expressed as a Doing schema
• an alternate VCOMP pattern for what is normally
  expressed as a V2 pattern

The cat is bandaged by Maggie.
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Arguments and voice Semantic roles
Happening schema Passive voice
Patient
V1
Agent
The cat is bandaged by Maggie.
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Syntax

• The sentence
• the verb and its arguments
• the subject and the predicate phrase
• Event schemata
• simplex
• complex (simplex relocation)
• semantic roles