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The Sounds of Language

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Title: Communication and Speech Author: Harriet and Martin Ottenheimer Last modified by: Martin Cohen Created Date: 1/18/1999 7:26:56 PM Document presentation format – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: The Sounds of Language


1
The Sounds of Language
2
The Sounds of Language
  • Phonology, Phonetics Phonemics
  • Producing and writing speech sounds...
  • Consonants, vowels sound charts
  • Phonemic analysis...
  • Etics and Emics
  • Applications.

3
Phonetics
  • Acoustic
  • physical properties of sound, sound waves,
  • Auditory
  • perception of sounds, psychological reality
  • Articulatory
  • pronunciation of sounds, articulation
  • also known as descriptive phonetics.

4
Producing Speech Sounds
  • lungs
  • oral nasal cavities
  • larynx vocal cords
  • voicing
  • velum (soft palate) mouth closed m, n
    mouth open õ?

5
Writing Speech Sounds
  • Spelling vs phonetic transcription
  • cat (English)
  • ciel (French)
  • cizi (Czech)
  • ghoti
  • Phonetic charts
  • I.P.A.
  • Pike.

6
Consonants
  • Point of Articulation (Place in vocal tract)
  • Manner of Articulation
  • Voice

7
Consonants Place
  • From front to back

bilabial p, b, m
labiodental f, v
(inter)dental ?, ?
alveolar t, d, s, z, n, l
alveopalatal (palatal-alveolar
postalveolar) ?, ?, ñ.
8
Consonants Place (continued)
  • Front to back

retroflex ?, ?
velar k, g, x, ?, ?
uvular ? (French r)
pharyngeal ? (Arabic ain)
glottal ?, h .
9
Consonants Manner
  • Stops (plosives) t, d, !, ?
  • Aspirated th, dh
  • Fricatives s, z
  • Affricates ?, ?
  • Taps Trills
  • Taps / flaps ?
  • Trills r
  • Nasals n
  • Approximants l, ?, j, w .

10
A Word About Approximants
  • Sometimes called liquids glides
  • Variously charted in different systems
  • IPA calls them approximants w, j, ?
  • And lateral approximants l
  • Pike calls some of them frictionless laterals l
  • He calls some of them semivowels w, y
  • And he calls some of them vowels r .

11
Consonants Review
different languages may use different sounds
12
Phonetic Charting
  • Mapping the sounds of a language
  • Helps you to analyze and pronounce sounds...
  • Helps you to analyze sound systems...
  • and to see patterns
  • Guides you in understanding accents.

13
Charting and Sounds
  • Shinzwani ?
  • voiceless
  • retroflex
  • stop
  • Czech r
  • voiced
  • alveolar
  • fricative
  • AND trill.

14
Charting and Accents 1
  • How would you pronounce Shinzwani ?ona?
  • Why did you make the choice you made?
  • Place?
  • Manner?.

15
Vowels Place
  • part of tongue raised
  • front, center, back
  • height of tongue
  • high, mid, low

i u e o a
16
Vowels Manner
  • rounded
  • u, o - back (e.g. most English back vowels)
  • y, ø - front (e.g., French, German, Danish)
  • unrounded
  • i, e - front (e.g. all English front vowels)
  • ?, ? - back (e.g., Turkish, Native American
    languages)
  • tense/lax (close/open)
  • i vs I .

17
Charting Vowels
18
Diphthongs
  • to front
  • ii seen
  • ai sign
  • ?i boid

to back uu sue ou hoe au how.
to center i? beer e? bear a? bar ?? bore
19
Suprasegmentals
  • Additional pronunciation
  • o as segment
  • Marked with diacritics
  • ? as suprasegmental (nasalization)
  • o? nasalized segment.

20
Phones and Phonemes
  • phone
  • smallest identifiable unit of sound in a language
  • more easily identified by outsiders
  • phoneme
  • smallest contrastive unit of sound in a language
  • heard as a single sound by insiders
  • Contrasts are not predictable.

21
Phonology
  • Sounds and their arrangements
  • Phonetics Phonemics
  • Phonetics
  • identify describe sounds in detail (phones)
  • Phonemics
  • analyze arrangements of sounds
  • identify groupings of sounds (phonemes)
  • Examples
  • English pill vs spill -- ph p /p/
  • Hindi ph?l (fruit) vs p?l (minute) -- ph
    p /ph / /p/ .

22
Identifying Phonemes
  • Minimal pairs
  • reveal contrasts in sounds
  • pin tin kin bin din gin
  • Examples for practice (W/R p. 48)
  • 3.2a Shinzwani
  • 3.2b Hindi
  • 3.2c Czech
  • 3.2d French
  • 3.2e Chatino.

23
Variations
  • a phoneme can be a single sound/phone
  • or it can be a group of sounds/phones
  • members of a group are usually similar
  • they are close on the phonetic chart
  • they sound like variations of one another
  • members of a group are non-contrastive
  • they dont mark differences in meaning
  • when such variations exist, they are called

allophones of a phoneme
24
allophones of a phoneme
  • are heard as the same sound by native speakers
  • are usually complementary to one another
  • we say they are in complementary distribution
  • because the variation is usually conditioned by
    neighboring sounds,
  • we can also call this conditioned variation.

25
Allophone Conditioning
  • is usually
  • patterned
  • predictable
  • discoverable
  • describable.

26
Phonemes vs. Allophones Review
  • allophones
  • non-contrastive
  • predictable distribution
  • p??n and sp?n
  • phonemes
  • contrastive
  • non-predictable distribution
  • p??n vs t??n.

27
Etics vs. Emics
  • Ken Pike, 1950s
  • A core concept in anthropology
  • Etics
  • outside, cross-cultural /comparative
  • absolute, objective
  • a step to emic analysis
  • Emics
  • inside, culture-specific
  • relative, subjective
  • a goal of emic analysis.

28
Doing Phonological Research
  • Descriptive v prescriptive approaches
  • Transcription v spelling
  • Avoid using your own categories
  • Find out how the system operates on its own terms
  • Describe the patterns you find
  • Identify the units
  • Identify relationships between the units.

29
Comparative Phonology
  • How many phonemes in a language?
  • From a few dozen to 100
  • average figures
  • vowels 8.7
  • English has 14
  • consonants 22.8
  • English has 24
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