I. The Rise of the Mongols

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I. The Rise of the Mongols
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A. From Tent to Palace
Mans highest joy is victory to conqueror
ones enemies, to pursue them, to deprive them of
their possessions, to make their beloved weep,
and to embrace their wives and daughters.
-- nomadic horse people -- northern Chinese
grasslands (Mongolia) -- raised horses, tended
sheep -- lived in felt tents called yurts
(ger) -- could NOT intermarry between tribes
clans
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Mongolian Steppe
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Mongol Yurt
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1.5 million Mongols
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B. Organization

• 1. families--gtclans--gttribes--gt
• -- tribes gathered during annual migration
• 2. chiefs elected (based on nobility, military
  ability, leadership)
• -- Khan (ruler) title given to chief
• 3. religion Shamanism
• --nature deities

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Genghis Khan
C. Temüjin Ghengis Khan

• 1. 1167-1227, son of tribal chief
• father poisonedfled as youth
• 3. by 40 had unified all Mongol tribes
• 4. empire ruled by sons grandsons after death

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• Genghis Khans Tax Laws
• If you do not pay homage, we will take your
  prosperity.
• If you do not have prosperity, we will take your
  children.
• If you do not have children, we will take your
  wife.
• If you do not have a wife, we will take your
  head.
• Used cruelty as a weapon

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The Khan Family
Genghis Khan
Tolui
Jochi Jagadai
Ögödei
Batu
Güyük
Möngke Khubilai Hülegü
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D. Conquest

• 1. intelligence gathering foreign
  experts/advisors (in Persian Chinese)
• 2. every man carried own supplies had 2 horses
• - survived mostly off horse milk blood
• 3. vassal system commanders running army govt
• brought Chinese engineers
• conquered most of Asia, Middle East, Russia

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32 million square kms
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E. Mongol Army Tactics

• 1. all males 15-70 served in army as cavalry
• 2. organized army in Myriads (10,000s)
• 3. no one in army was paid, though shared in
  war booty
• 4. tactics
• --Chinese siege technology catapults
• --horsemanship, compound bow
• --elaborate signals (flags, hands)
• --retreat, turn, flank, destroy
• --fear

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Mongol Warriors
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F. Results of Expansion

• 1. increased trade revival of Silk Road
• 2. facilitated movement of goods, merchants,
  diplomats
• 3. unified law code (Yasa)
• 4. travelers encountered new languages, laws
  customs
• 5. spread of disease bubonic plague

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Thesis Statement Writing Exercise

• How did the Mongols, with a total population of
  less than 1.5 million, conqueror such a large
  area and hold onto it for over a century?

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• II. Mongol Eurasia

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A. The Conquest of China

• 1. Genghis Khan wanted the riches of China
• 2. 1227 conquered Beijing, but died same year
• 3. successors took all of China

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B. Divisions at Genghis Khans Death

• Four Khanates
• 1. Golden Hoarde (Russia)
• 2. Il-Khanate (Persia)
• 3. Jagadai Khanate
• 4. Yuan Dynasty

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C. Il-Khan Golden Horde Conflict

• 1. Golden Horde adopts Islam aligns with
  Mamluks
• 2. Il-Khanate briefly aligns with Europeans
  during Crusades
• 2. Ghazan (Il-Khan ruler) declares himself a
  Muslim in 1295
• -- used tax farming
• -- Il-Khanate ends in 1349
• 3. rise of Timur (Tamerlane) from Jagadai
  Khanate in C. Asia

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D. Timur (Tamerlane)

• 1. Turk related to Genghis by marriage
• 2. made Samarkand capital
• 3. the descendants of Timur established in India
  a Muslim Mongol-Turkic empire (the Mughals) in
  the 16th c.

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Samarkand
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E. Culture Science in Islamic Eurasia

• 1. historical writing
• 2. mathematical innovations
• 3. astronomical discoveries (lunar orbit)

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F. Russian Effect

• 1. Alexander Nevskii (prince of Novgorod)
  submitted to Mongols Mongols favored Novgorod
  Moscow
• 2. rise of tsar title

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G. East Europe Anatolia

• 1. Teutonic Knights German speaking knights who
  tried to Christianize Slavic populations in
  northern European Crusades
• 2. fear awe of Mongols
• 3. bubonic plague reaches Europe in 1340s
• 4. 1453 the Ottoman Turk Sultan Mehmet II
  captures Constantinople

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III. Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty, 1264-1368

• A. Khubilai Khan (r. 1260-1294) Genghis
  grandson
• 1. Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace)
• 2. moved capital to Beijing
• 3. tolerated Chinese culture but lived apart
• 4. NO Chinese in top govt. posts
• 5. encouraged foreign trade foreign
• merchants to live in China (Marco Polo)

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• 6. Building Projects under Yuan
• --extended Grand Canal to Beijing
• 7. attacked Japan in 1281 lost

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Marco Polo

• 1. Venetian merchant
• 2. traveled through Yuan China from 1271-1295
  called Beijing richest city in the world
• --black stones (coal)
• --gunpowder
• --noodles

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Marco Polos Travels
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Yuan Porcelains Ceramics
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B. Yuan Organization

• 1. highly centralized Mongols ruling elite
• -Mongols top posts
• -Persians, Turks, Nomads high civil posts
• -N. Chinese next highest posts
• -S. Chinese lowest posts
• all records in Uighur Turkic

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C. Role of Religion in Yuan China

• 1. Policy of toleration
• 2. Christianity Khubilai Khan invited a Papal
  Mission
• 3. Buddhism gained 500,000 converts
• 4. Islam spread rapidly
• 5. Confucianism survived

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D. Decline Fall

• 1. Yuan Dynasty shortest lived major Chinese
  dynasty
• 2. the death of Kublai Khans son causes
  decentralization rise of warlords
• 3. last Khan fled to Mongolia in 1368