Erikson

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Eriksons Psychsocial Theory of Development
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Adolescence

• The transitional stage between late childhood and
  the beginning of adulthood
• As a general rule, when parentchild
  relationships have been good before adolescence,
  they continue to be relatively smooth during
  adolescence.
• Relationships with friends and peers become
  increasingly important
• Peer relationships tend to reinforce the traits
  and goals that parents fostered during childhood
• Adolescents are motivated to assert their
  independence and developing autonomy which can
  lead to conflicts with parents. This is
  cross-cultural

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• The Changing Nature of Relationships with Others
  over the Lifespan

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What Are the Issues ?

• Individuals develop socially
• How do social relationships develop?
• What factors drive social development?
• biological
• cultural
• cognitive

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Erik Erikson

• Constructed an 8-stage theory of social
  development
• Each stage has its own psychosocial,
  developmental task.
• Person works towards creating their Identity - a
  persons definition or description of himself or
  herself, including the values, beliefs, and
  ideals that guide the individuals behavior

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Eriksons Theory

• Biological in belief that there are innate drives
  to develop social relationships and that these
  promote survival (Darwinism)
• Divided life span into eight psychosocial stages,
  each associated with a different drive and a
  problem or crisis to resolve
• Outcome of each stage varies along a continuum
  from positive to negative

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Stage 1 (Birth1)Trust vs. Mistrust

• Infants must rely on others for care
• Consistent and dependable caregiving and meeting
  infant needs leads to a sense of trust
• Infants who are not well cared for will develop
  mistrust

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Erik Erikson

• Play Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial
  Development Trust Versus Mistrust Video 20
  from Worths Digital Media Archive for
  Psychology.

To View in a separate window click here
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Stage 2 (13 years) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

• Children are discovering their own independence
• Those given the opportunity to experience
  independence will gain a sense of autonomy
• Children that are overly restrained or punished
  harshly will develop shame and doubt

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Stage 3 (35 years)Initiative vs. Guilt

• Children are exposed to the wider social world
  and given greater responsibility
• Sense of accomplishment leads to initiative
• Feelings of guilt can emerge if the child is made
  to feel too anxious or irresponsible

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Stage 4 (512 years) Industry vs. Inferiority

• Stage of life surrounding mastery of knowledge
  and intellectual skills
• Sense of competence and achievement leads to
  industry
• Feeling incompetent and unproductive leads to
  inferiority

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Stage 5 (Adolescence)Identity vs. Confusion

• Developing a sense of who one is and where one is
  going in life
• The adolescents path to successful identity
  achievement begins with identity diffusion.
• This is followed by a moratorium period.
• Gradually, the adolescent arrives at an
  integrated identity
• Successful resolution leads to positive identity
• Unsuccessful resolution leads to identity
  confusion or a negative identity

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Stage 6 (Young adulthood)Intimacy vs. Isolation

• Time for sharing oneself with another person
• Capacity to hold commitments with others leads to
  intimacy
• Failure to establish commitments leads to
  feelings of isolation

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Stage 7 (Middle adulthood)Generativity vs.
Stagnation

• Caring for others in family, friends, and work
  leads to sense of contribution to later
  generations
• Stagnation comes from a sense of boredom and
  meaninglessness

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Stage 8 (Late adulthood to Death)Integrity vs.
Despair

• Successful resolutions of all previous crises
  leads to integrity and the ability to see broad
  truths and advise those in earlier stages
• Despair arises from feelings of helplessness and
  the bitter sense that life has been incomplete

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