Superior Sentences

1
Superior Sentences

• Sentence Types and Components

2
Parts of Speech (NIPPAVAC)

• Nouns
• Interjections
• Pronouns
• Preposition
• Adjectives
• Verbs
• Adverbs
• Conjunctions

3
Nouns

• Proper Nouns capitalize these
• Formal names of people, buildings, places,
  events, titles, etc.
• Paris
• Dr. Spock
• Common Nouns
• All other nouns

• Singular (one noun)
• mother
• café
• child
• fox
• church
• Plural (More than one noun)
• mothers
• cafes
• children
• foxes
• churches

• Person
• mother
• student
• baker
• Place
• school
• hospital
• restaurant
• Thing
• cat
• book
• movie
• Concept
• love
• freedom
• forgiveness

4
Interjections

• Words that show excitement or emotion.
• Followed by a comma or exclamation point

• Hey
• Wow
• Oh
• Ah
• Oops
• No
• Hooray
• Ouch
• Yikes
• Yes
• OMG
• Etc.

5
Pronouns

• Personal Pronouns
• 3 Voices
• First person (I, we)
• Second person (you)
• Third person (he, she, it, they)
• 2 Forms
• Singular (I, he, she, it, you)
• Plural (We, they, you)
• 4 Cases
• Nominative (Subject case)
• Objective (Object case)
• Possessive (Ownership)
• Reflexive (-self)

• Words that stand in for nouns
• Types of Pronouns
• Personal
• Demonstrative (This, that, these, those)
• Indefinite (anyone, one, someone, etc.)
• Relative (That, Who , Which)
• Interrogative (Who, Which, What)
• Reciprocal (Each other, One another)

6
Prepositions

• regarding
• round
• save
• since
• than
• through
• to
• toward
• towards
• under
• underneath
• unlike
• until
• up
• upon
• versus
• via
• with
• within

• following
• for
• from
• in
• inside
• into
• like
• minus
• near
• of
• off
• on
• onto
• opposite
• outside
• over
• past
• per
• plus

• aboard
• about
• above
• across
• after
• against
• along
• amid
• among
• anti
• around
• as
• at
• before

• behind
• below
• beneath
• beside
• besides
• between
• beyond
• but
• concerning
• considering
• despite
• down
• during
• except
• excepting
• excluding

7
Adjectives

• Adjective Categories
• Determiners (articles and demonstrative pronouns)
• Observations
• Size sand Shapes
• Ages
• Colors
• Origins
• Materials
• Qualifiers
• Possessives (pronouns)
• Articles a, an, the
• Degrees of Adjectives
• Positive good
• Comparative better
• Superlative best

• Words that describe nouns
• Answers How many? What kind? Which?
• Adjective suffixes
• -ible, -able
• -ful
• -al
• -ic
• -ive
• -less
• -ous

8
Verbs

• Verb tenses
• Present
• Simple walk, walks
• Perfect have walked
• Progressive is walking
• Past
• Simple walked
• Perfect had walked
• Progressive was walking
• Future
• Simple will walk
• Perfect will have walked
• Progressive will be walking

• 3 types
• Active show action
• Linking show being
• Helping show tense
• 2 Roles
• Transitive (with object)
• Intransitive (without object)

9
Adverbs

• Describe an action or an adjective
• Answer How? Where? When?
• Kinds of adverbs
• Time now
• Manner slowly
• Place there
• Frequency often
• Purpose to -

• Adverb suffix ly
• Degrees of Adverbs
• Positive happily
• Comparative more happily
• Superlative most happily

10
Conjunctions

• Connect words, phrases, clauses, and ideas
• 3 kinds
• Coordinating
• for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
• Correlative
• both...and, not only...but, also, either...or,
  neither...nor, whether...or

• Subordinating

TIME CAUSE EFFECT OPPOSITION CONDITION
after because although if
before since though unless
when now that even though only if
while as whereas whether or not
since in order that while even if
until so   in case (that)
11
4 Kinds of Sentences

• Declarative makes a statement
• The grass is green.
• Interrogative asks a question
• How long is that grass?
• Imperative gives a command
• Mow the grass.
• Exclamatory makes an exclamation
• I am not mowing the grass no matter what!

12
Sentence Components Subject

• The subject is the person or thing performing the
  action in the sentence and all of the words that
  modify that actor.
• The subject controls the agreement of verbs and
  pronouns.
• Nouns, pronouns, and gerunds (-ing verbs acting
  like nouns) can be subjects.
• Wolves eat rabbits.
• Swimming is fun.
• I am tired today.

13
Sentence Components Predicate

• The predicate is the action or state of the actor
  or subject of the sentence.
• Objects and verbs (and any phrases describing
  them) together make up the predicate.
• Wolves eat rabbits.
• Swimming is fun.
• I am tired today.

14
Sentence Components Objects/Predicate Nominative
and Adjective

• Direct Object
• The thing receiving the action
• The car hit the tree.
• I baked a cake.
• Indirect Object
• To or for whom the action is done
• I baked my dad a cake.

• Predicate Nominative noun
• In sentences with linking verbs
• Dad is home.
• Predicate Adjective
• In sentences with linking verbs
• Dad is happy.

15
Sentence Components Phrases

• Prepositional Phrases begin with a preposition
  and end in a noun, may modify the subject or the
  predicate.
• (In the beginning), one (of my ancestors) was the
  Shaman (of the tribe).
• Adverbial Phrases modify a verb
• The rain dripped (in a fretful pattern) all
  day.
• Adjective Phrases modify a noun
• The sometimes-mysterious girl became my friend.

16
Sentence Components Clauses

• All clauses have a subject and a predicate
• Independent Clauses
• Could stand alone as a sentence or be combined
  with other clauses.
• Dependent Clauses
• Begin with a subordinating conjunction, so they
  cannot stand alone as a sentence.

• Because I love ice cream Dependent
• Cats can scream loudly Independent
• While the dogs barked Dependent
• When the wind blows Dependent
• The storm rages Independent

17
Simple Sentences

• Have one subject and one predicate
• Wild horses have been seen on that island.
• Sometimes the predicate is compound (in 2 parts)
• The wild horses on the island roam free and live
  happy, albeit difficult, lives.
• Sometimes the subject is compound (in 2 parts)
• The wild horses and cougars lived peacefully
  together.

18
Compound Sentences

• Are made up of 2 independent clauses joined by a
  coordinating conjunction and a comma.
• Compound sentences have 2 subjects and 2
  predicates
• The wild horses nearly starved, but the cougars
  thrived that winter.
• Sometimes I bike to school, and you pass me by on
  your motorcycle.

19
Complex Sentences

• Have dependent clause connected to an
  independent clause by a comma.
• After the party ended, my friends spent the
  night at my house.
• The weekend at the lake relaxed me, although I
  had to work.
• The kids need to go to bed, whether or not they
  want to, no later than 800 p.m.

20
Compound-Complex Sentences

• Have 2 independent clauses and a dependent
  clause, so there are 3 subject with 3 predicates.
• Though Annie prefers watching mystery films,
  she rented the latest romantic comedy, and she
  enjoyed it very much.
• Mary forgot her friend's birthday, so she sent
  her a card when she finally remembered.

21
Writing Superior Sentences

• Specific subjects
• Active verbs (predicate)
• Vary sentence structures
• Avoid wordiness
• Avoid vague words