Shipra Verma

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Development of Health Information Database
using Spatial Technologies for Japanese
Encephalitis
Shipra Verma, Prof. R.D. Gupta
Presented By Shipra Verma
GIS Cell Motilal Nehru National
Institute Of Technology Allahabad - 211004
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Introduction

• Health is essential for every human as their
  basic right and must be at reach to all in an
  affordable manner (Wennberg JE, 2002).
• Health is geographically differentiated between
  place and health.
• Public Health is the science and art of
  protecting and improving the health of
  communities through education, promotion of
  healthy lifestyle, and research of disease and
  injury prevention.

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• Health data needs to produced, to assess the
  ability of the system for valid, reliable,
  timely, and reasonably accurate health
  information.
• The planner and decision makers allow the user to
  integrate data collection, processing,
  reporting, and use of the information necessary
  for improving health service, effectiveness and
  efficiency through better management at all
  levels of health services.

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• At district level, health information enables
  health planners and managers to take effective
  functioning of health facilities and of the
  health system as a whole.
• At higher levels, health information is needed
  for strategic policy-making and resource
  allocation.
• The data requirements for patient care, system
  management and policy-making are different but
  also linked along a continuum ((Ruston. 2003).

Source Bulletin of the World Health
Organization, 2005
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• Such an infrastructure serves as the foundation
  for planning, delivering, and evaluating public
  health

At district level Health units
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• Vector-borne diseases represents one of the
  greatest global public health challenges of the
  21st century.
• Changes in public health including lack of
  effective vector control, deterioration of public
  health infrastructure to deal with vector-borne
  diseases, disease surveillance and prevention
  programs and possible climate change.
• In the absence of effective control, these
  diseases have a major impact on public health and
  socio-economic development.

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Japanese Encephalitis (JE)

• Japanese encephalitis is a major cause of
  encephalitis in Asia (Erlanger et al., 2009,
  Singh et al., 2004).
• An estimated 50,000 cases occur in largely rural
  areas of the south and east Asian region
  resulting in significant morbidity and mortality
  (Gupta et al., 2008).

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SOURCE Fischer et al., 2010
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• JE is caused by a zoonotic flavivirus which is
  one of the common causes of AES.
• It is difficult to eradicate JE because it is
  transmitted from natural reservoirs like pigs,
  waddling birds which are important amplifying
  hosts and man is involved as an accidental host
  (Khinchi et al., 2010, Fischer et al., 2010).
• Among 175 districts 80 districts classified as
  endemic 54 (68) are from Uttar Pradesh state
  alone (Sabenson, 2008, Saxena et al., 2008).
• The scourge of the disease is most severe in
  Gorakhpur District (Singh. 2007).

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Life cycle of Japanese Encephalitis
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District-wise JE infected number of households
and children covered under the study is given
below (UNICEF, 2008).
District NO. Of House Hold No. of Children
Dibrugarh, Assam 900 1653
Kolar, Karnataka 900 1613
Amravati, Maharashtra 920 1719
Gorakhpur, UP 901 1969
Bahraich, UP 931 2089
Bardhaman, WB 895 1538
Total 5447 10581

• A total of 2320 suspected cases and 528 deaths of
  JE from Uttar Pradesh mostly from Gorakhpur were
  reported in 2006 (Source Website of National
  Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, New
  Delhi).
• Thus, serological and entomological observations
  were made to confirm the aetiology of a focal
  outbreak of JE in rural areas of Gorakhpur
  Division, UP in 2006.

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ROLE OF GIS AND REMOTE SENSING

• GIS has proved extremely useful for supporting
  the extent of various infections in the world.
• A simplified GIS supported database management
  tool facilitates the collection, storage,
  retrieval and analysis of data for public health
  purposes (Berquist., 2001).
• By utilizing a GIS, various departments can share
  information through databases on computer
  generated maps in one location.
• Disease mapping is used to understand the
  geographical distribution and spread of disease
  in the past or present.

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• Remote sensing (RS) by earth-observing satellites
  has become increasingly important for the
  analysis and integration of various data.
• The heterogeneity of climates and landscapes
  determines the distribution of vector-borne
  diseases.
• These new technologies through their propensity
  for powerful data collection and data handling
  are particularly well suited to pinpointing
  constraining factors.
• Remote Sensing technique used to obtained disease
  information on vegetation properties, canopy,
  surface temperature and soil moisture over large
  areas.

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GIS Health Dataset

• To integrate and make the health database in GIS
  environment , the following data layers to
  perform different types of health-related
  analyses (Boulos et al2001)
• Population data, e.g. census and socioeconomic
  data
• Environmental and ecological data, e.g.,
  monitored data on pollution and vegetation
  (satellite pictures)
• Topography, hydrology and climatic data
• Land-use and public infrastructure data, e.g.,
  schools and main drinking water supply
• Transportation networks (access routes) data,
  e.g., roads and railways
• Health infrastructure and epidemiological data,
  e.g., data on mortality, morbidity, disease
  distribution and healthcare facilities

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Integration of GIS data set

• Demographic Data Births, Deaths, Diseases,
  Population
• Infrastructure
• Buildings, Roads, Floor Plans, Nursing
  Units
• Internal Data
• Patients, Utilization, Revenues
• Facilities Hospitals, Ambulatories, Health
  Posts, Drug Stores
• Administrative Boundaries Service Regions,
  Planning Areas
• Environmental Topographic, Toxic Sites,
  Infectious Disease, Air and Water Quality

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Objective Of The Present Work

• The objective of present work includes creating a
  GIS based health data set using spatial data and
  their attribute information particularly for
  Japanese encephalitis.
• The collected statistical dataset has been
  integrated in GIS using ArcGIS 10 software.
• The statistical information has been converted
  into GIS based thematic map for better
  visualization and interpretation.

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Study Area

• Gorakhpur is a city in the eastern part of the
  state of Uttar Pradesh in India, near the border
  with Nepal.
• Gorakhpur division is mainly a paddy growing
  area, with clay soil and a very high water table.
  
• The district of Gorakhpur lies between Lat. 26º
  13' N and 27º 29' N and Long. 83º 05' E and 83º
  56' E.
• Gorakhpur district in UP has an area of 3483.8
  sq. km with a population of 37,69,456 (2001
  census). The village ecosystem of Gorakhpur
  comprised rivers, lakes, irrigation canals,
  reservoirs and rice fields (July-November).

Fig 1 Location Map of Study Area
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Collection of Health data

• The health data is collected from district
  hospital Gorakhpur, Vikas Bhawan and NIC center
  of Gorakhpur.
• The collected data is on the basis of -
• Month wise disease data from year 2005 to 2010
• Age wise and Sex wise data from age
  0-5,5-10,10-15,15-20,20-30,30-40 40-50
  50-ABOVE.
• Use of Census data 2001.
• The satellite data is also used, i.e., Landsat
  ETM images 2010 from April and November.

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Adopted Methodology
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Details of Database Created
1. Base Map Road Map Preparation
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2. Detailed Information of Gorakhpur Blocks and
Distribution of Pig Population
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Presence of Health Centers in a District
Fig Location of Total Health Centers
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3. Identification of Disease Habitats
The identification of disease habitats, used the
technique of land use and land cover for creation
of water abundance area, creation of base map,
water bodies, vegetation cover, population
diversity and paddy field.
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• 4. Normalized difference water index (NDWI) is
  proposed for remote sensing to identify
  vegetation liquid water from space.
• It gives the result of sensitive change in water
  content of vegetation canopies.

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5. The water pixel from post and pre monsoon and
the superimpose map of JE prominent area in
Gorakhpur District
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CONCLUDING REMARKS

• The analysis of data in the present study reveals
  the details about health and sanitation awareness
  in rural people.
• Their living behavior near the pond, river and
  water body creates more disease habitation due to
  the pig habitation too.
• The available health facility is insufficient due
  to the presence of habitat population and their
  surrounding impact.
• As poor transportation, and water management and
  sanitation are the main reason to facilitate the
  disease habitation

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• The study by using GIS and remote sensing helped
  to extract the update information and prepare the
  data for disease control and management
  strategies.
• This geospatial database is update and contains
  the latest information through which health
  planners can perform their task of
  epidemiological mapping more efficiently.

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THANK YOU