Phases and Behavior of Matter

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Phases and Behavior of Matter
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Phases and Behavior of Matter Goals
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1. Compare and contrast the atomic/molecular
motion of solids, liquids, gases and plasmas. 2.
Explain the flow of energy in phase changes
through the use of a phase diagram. 3. Relate
temperature, pressure, and volume of gases to the
behavior of gases.
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Review
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• Everything in the universe is either matter or
  energy.
• Physical Science is the study of matter and
  energy.
• Matter is anything that has mass and takes up
  space.

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Kinetic Theory of Matter
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1. All matter is composed of small particles
   (atoms).
2. These particles are in constant motion.
3. These particles are colliding with each other and
   the walls of their container.

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Kinetic Energy
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• Kinetic Energy is the energy of motion.
• Temperature is the measurement of the KE in an
  object.
• So, the more KE the higher the temp.
• As the particles in an object gain KE, the
  temperature goes up.

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Solids
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Amorphous Solids

• Particles are closely packed together.
• Most are geometric.
• Bonds between atoms.
• Rigid shapes.
• Definite shape.
• Definite volume.

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Liquids
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• Particles in a liquid have more KE than particles
  in a solid.
• Liquid particles have enough KE to overcome the
  forces that hold them together.
• The particles can now move past one another.
  (flow)
• Definite volume
• No Definite shape.

Viscosity
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Gases
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• Gas particles have more KE than liquid particles.
• They have enough energy to break all bonds and
  escape the liquid state.
• No definite Shape
• No definite Volume.

Gases fill their container.
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Gases are compressible
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Plasma
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• Most common state of matter in the universe
• Extremely high temperatures.
• Contains positively and negatively charged
  particles
• Force produced by high energy collisions strips
  electrons from atoms
• Sun, lighting bolts, neon and fluorescent tubes,
  auroras

ReviewClip
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Changing State
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Boiling vs. Evaporation
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• Boiling is
• The vaporization of a liquid at its
  boiling point.

• Evaporation is
• The vaporization of a liquid below its boiling
  point. This occurs at the surface of the liquid.

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Sublimation
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• Some substances go from the solid state directly
  to the gaseous state. This happens when a
  substance was below it freezing point and is
  suddenly moved to a location where it is above
  its boiling point
• EX CO2

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• It takes energy to cause phase changes(
  soild-liq-gas)
• Removal of energy (gas-liq-solid)

Increase Energy
Phase changes do not change the substance
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• The amount of energy required for a substance
  to go from a solid to a liquid is called the
• HEAT OF FUSION.
• (EX) it takes 334,000 Joules of energy to melt 1
  kg of ice. No temperature change.
• 0C 0C

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• The amount of energy required to change a liquid
  to a gas is called the
• Heat of Vaporization
• EX It takes 2,260,000 Joules of energy to
  vaporize 1 kg of water.
• 100 C 100 C

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Energy
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Thermal Expansion
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• When objects are heated, they expand.
• When they are cooled, they contract.
• Video Clip

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Thermometers
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• Work because of thermal expansion.
• Because mercury expands and contracts uniformly,
  it was used in thermometers.

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PRESSURE
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Force (N)
Pressure (Pa)
Area (M2)
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Gases exert pressure on their container
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• Pressure The amt of force exerted per unit of
  area.
• Gases exert pressure by colliding with things
• Other particles of gas
• Sides of the container
• Objects within the area of the gas, like you. 

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• Formula For Figuring Out Pressure
• P F/A  
• The Pascal (Pa) is the SI unit of pressure

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Boyles and Charles Law
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• Both deal with gases.
• Boyles Law
• As the volume decreases, the pressure increases.
• Charles Law
• As the temperature decreases, the volume of a gas
  decreases.

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Boyles Law P1V1 P2V2
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If you decrease the volume, the pressure will
increase ( no ?t)
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Boyles Law
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P1 V1 P2 V2

• A volume of helium occupies 11.0 L at 98.0 kPa.
  What is the new volume if the pressure drops to
  86.2 kPa?

P1 V1 P2 V2
(98.O kPa) (11.0 L) (86.2 kPa) (V2)
(98.O kPa) (11.0 L) (V2) (86.2 kPa)
(V2)12.5 L
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Charles Law
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If you increase the temperature, the volume will
increase
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Charles Law
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• V1/T1 V2/T2

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Charles Law
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Charles Law
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V1 T1V2   T2
What would be the resulting volume of a 2.0 L
balloon at 25.0C that was placed in a container
of ice water at 3.0C?
V1 T1V2   T2
2.0 L V2
25.0C 3.0C

V2 1.9 L
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Archimedes, Pascal, Bernoulli
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Greek Mathematician
Archimedes
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• Born 287 BC in Syracuse, SicilyDied 212 BC in
  Syracuse, Sicily
• There are things
• which seem
• incredible to most
• men who have not
• studied mathematics.
• Eureka, Eureka. I have found it.

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• Despite his mathematical prowess, Archimedes is
  perhaps best remembered for an incident involving
  the crown of King Hiero.
• As the story goes, the king of Syracuse had given
  a craftsman a certain amount of gold to be made
  into an exquisite crown. When the project was
  completed, a rumor surfaced that the craftsman
  had substituted a quantity of silver for an
  equivalent amount of gold, thereby devaluing the
  crown and defrauding the king. Archimedes was
  tasked with determining if the crown was pure
  gold or not. The Roman architect Vitruvious
  relates the story
• While Archimedes was considering the matter, he
  happened to go to the baths. When he went down
  into the bathing pool he observed that the amount
  of water which flowed outside the pool was equal
  to the amount of his body that was immersed.
  Since this fact indicated the method of
  explaining the case, he did not linger, but moved
  with delight, he leapt out of the pool, and going
  home naked, cried aloud that he had found exactly
  what he was seeking. For as he ran he shouted in
  Greek Eureka! Eureka! (eureka translated is "I
  have found it").
• Although there is speculation as to the
  authenticity of this story, it remains famous.
  Probably no other tale in all of science combines
  the elements of brilliance and bareness quite so
  effectively. Whether the story is true or not,
  there is no doubt to the truth of Archimedes
  understanding of buoyancy.

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• Here is what Archimedes had found. Since an
  object immersed in a fluid displaces the same
  volume of fluid as the volume of the object, it
  was possible to determine the precise volume of
  the crown by immersing it in water. After
  determining the volume of water, a piece of pure
  gold could easily be made to match the volume of
  the water, and thus the volume of the crown. In
  theory, if the volume of the crown and the volume
  of the gold block are the same, they should also
  have the same mass. The only reason they would
  not have the same mass is if one of them was not
  pure gold. When the two objects were placed in a
  balance they did not have equal mass. Faced with
  this evidence the craftsman confessed to his
  crime.

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• Buoyancy is an upward force exerted by a fluid on
  an object that is submerged in that fluid.

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• Why is it easier to lift something heavy when
  it's underwater?
• Buoyancy!

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Archimedes Principle
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• Deals with fluids and buoyancy.
• What is a fluid?
• Any substance that can flow.
• Buoyancy is an upward force exerted by a fluid on
  on object that is submerged in that fluid.

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Archimedes Principle
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• Archimedes Principle states that the buoyant
  force on a submerged object is equal to the
  weight of the fluid that is displaced by the
  object.

• What does that mean?
• Describes how ships float.
• The more water you displace, the more upward
  force.

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Pascal
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Pascals Principle
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• Pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted
  unchanged throughout the fluid.
• Toothpaste
• Hydraulic Jacks

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P1 P2
F1A2 F2A1
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Bernoulli
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• Bernoullis Animation

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• As the velocity of a fluid increases, the
  pressure exerted by that fluid decreases.
•   A plane's wing is curved so that the air going
  the greater distance over the top of the wing
  moves faster,
• Reducing pressure from above,allowing the lift
  from below to raise the plane up

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Amorphous Solids
without form

• Lack highly ordered arrangement
• Melt over a temperature range
• Glass Plastic
• Some scientist classify them as thick liquids

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Viscosity

• Resistance to flow