Modernization

1
Modernization

• Modernization refers to a process of change by
  which traditional, nonindustrial societies
  acquire characteristics of technologically
  complex societies.
• Accelerated modernization interconnecting all
  parts of the world is known as Globalization.

2
MODERNIZATION SUBPROCESSES

1. Technological development
2. Agricultural development
3. Industrialization
4. Urbanization

3

• GLOBALIZATION
• Global Challenges, Local Responses, andthe Role
  of Anthropology

4
Cultural Future of Humanity

• Anthropologists unlike futurist projections try
  to view things in context, further than 50 years
  from the present.
• They have a long-term historical perspective and
  recognize culture bound biases.
• Anthropologists are concerned with the tendency
  to treat traditional societies as obsolete when
  they appear to stand in the way of development.

5
Global Culture

• Since the 1950s it has been a belief that
  eventually the world will become one large
  homogeneous culture.
• Evident through such things as fast food chains
  and soda companies like Pepsi and Coca Cola.
• Here is a look at the KFC and Pizza Hut next to
  the Pyramids at Giza (23 seconds)
• Meaning that if a North American were to travel
  abroad, no matter the destination, they would see
  a similar culture to their own in North America.
• Do you think this could be possible?

6
Global Culture, Good?

• In theory it might sound like a world with more
  peace and less misunderstandings of differing
  cultures.
• The reality is that it is unlikely that cultures
  will change into one similar culture especially
  if they are being forced to quickly do so by
  outside powerful nations.
• What is created are poorer peasant communities
  who are in the crosshairs of westernization and
  their indigenous life ways.
• Since they failed to change quick enough for the
  western corporate powerhouses.

7
Ethnic Resurgence

• The presence of westernization is glaringly
  obvious worldwide with the diffusion of western
  food, clothes, music, etc.
• This does not mean it is accepted. There is an
  increase of ethnic pressure against
  westernization.
• Resistance against globalization is becoming much
  more frequent.

8
Cultural Pluralism Multiculturalism

• So what is the future?
• Chances are it includes a world with
  multiculturalism- a public policy of mutual
  respect and tolerance for cultural differences.
• Ethnic tension, common in pluralistic societies,
  sometimes turns violent, leading to formal
  separation.
• To manage cultural diversity within such
  societies, some countries have adopted
  multiculturalism as an official public policy.

9
Structural Power

• Structural power is the power that organizes and
  orchestrates the systemic interaction within and
  among societies.
• Often directing economic and political forces on
  the one hand and ideological forces that shape
  public ideas, values, and beliefs on the other.

10
Structural Power

• Two major interacting forces of structural power
• Hard power is the type of power that is backed up
  by economic and military force.
• Soft power is the type of power that is co-optive
  where ones ideas are pressed onto others through
  attraction and persuasion to change ones ideas,
  beliefs, or values.

11
Economic Hard Power

• Large corporations which are usually a cluster of
  several smaller corporations held together by
  common interest, money, and strategy are
  controlled by one group in one country.
• Their power and wealth, often exceeding that of
  national governments, has increased dramatically
  through media expansion.

12
Economic Hard Power

• Mega corporations have enormous influence on the
  ideas and behavior of hundreds of millions of
  people worldwide.
• States and corporations compete for scarce
  natural resources, cheap labor, new commercial
  markets, and ever-larger profits in a political
  arena that spans the entire globe.

13
Structural Violence

• Structural violence is physical and/or
  psychological harm (including repression,
  environmental destruction, poverty, hunger,
  illness, and premature death) caused by
  impersonal, exploitative, and unjust social,
  political, and economic systems.
• Current structures are poised to offer wealth,
  power, and comfort for a lucky few and poverty,
  suffering, and death for the majority.

14
The Culture of Discontent

• As previously mentioned the worlds poorest
  countries have been told that they can and should
  enjoy a standard of living comparable to that of
  the rich countries.
• The resources necessary to maintain such a
  luxurious standard of living are limited. Non
  renewable resources would quickly disappear at
  such a high rate of consumption.
• This growing gap between expectations and
  realizations has led to the creation of a culture
  of discontent.

15
The Culture of Discontent

• The culture of discontent is not limited to poor
  and overpopulated countries.
• It can be found among the most wealthy and
  enduring nations.
• Where the people are spending money to obtain
  material riches which often lead to more
  discontent.