Chapter 5

1
Chapter 5 The Skeletal System Osseous Tissue
and Skeletal Structure
Bone Maintenance, Remodeling, and Repair
Bone Development and Growth
The Skeletal System Disorders
Bone Structure
Skeletal Elements
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FINAL ROUND
2
Topic 1 100 Question

• Which cells are responsible for the production of
  new bone?
• a. osteoclasts
• b. osteoblasts
• c. osteocytes
• d. osteoprogenitor cells

ANSWER
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3
Topic 1 100 Answer

• Which cells are responsible for the production of
  new bone?
• a. osteoclasts
• b. osteoblasts
• c. osteocytes
• d. osteoprogenitor cells

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4
Topic 1 200 Question

• Which of the following differences between
  compact and spongy bone is accurate?
• a. Osteons are present in compact bone only.
• b. Spongy bone is arranged into trabeculae.
• c. Lamellae are present in compact bone only.
• d. All of the above are accurate.

ANSWER
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5
Topic 1 200 Answer

• Which of the following differences between
  compact and spongy bone is accurate?
• a. Osteons are present in compact bone only.
• b. Spongy bone is arranged into trabeculae.
• c. Lamellae are present in compact bone only.
• d. All of the above are accurate.

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6
Topic 1 300 Question

• Which of the following statements regarding the
  endosteum is incorrect?
• a. The endosteum contains osteoprogenitor cells,
  and covers the trabeculae of spongy bone.
• b. Near joints, the endosteum becomes continuous
  with the connective tissue network that surrounds
  the joint.
• c. The endosteum is active during bone growth,
  and whenever repair or remodeling is occurring.
• d. The endosteum is usually only one cell layer
  thick, and is an incomplete layer, with the bone
  matrix occasionally exposed.

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ANSWER
7
Topic 1 300 Answer

• Which of the following statements regarding the
  endosteum is incorrect?
• a. The endosteum contains osteoprogenitor cells,
  and covers the trabeculae of spongy bone.
• b. Near joints, the endosteum becomes continuous
  with the connective tissue network that surrounds
  the joint.
• c. The endosteum is active during bone growth,
  and whenever repair or remodeling is occurring.
• d. The endosteum is usually only one cell layer
  thick, and is an incomplete layer, with the bone
  matrix occasionally exposed.

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8
Topic 1 400 Question

• Which type of lamellae may have been produced
  during the growth of the bone, or may represent
  remnants of osteons whose matrix components have
  been recycled during repair or remodeling
  activities?
• a. concentric lamellae
• b. circumferential lamellae
• c. interstitial lamellae
• d. Haversian lamellae

ANSWER
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9
Topic 1 400 Answer

• Which type of lamellae may have been produced
  during the growth of the bone, or may represent
  remnants of osteons whose matrix components have
  been recycled during repair or remodeling
  activities?
• a. concentric lamellae
• b. circumferential lamellae
• c. interstitial lamellae
• d. Haversian lamellae

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10
Topic 1 500 Question

• Which of the following statements regarding the
  trabeculae of spongy bone, in the femur, is
  false?
• a. The trabeculae are oriented against stress
  lines, and display extensive cross-bracing in the
  epiphyses.
• b. At the distal epiphysis, the trabeculae direct
  the forces across the knee joint to the leg.
• c. At the proximal epiphysis, the trabeculae
  transfer forces from the hip, across the
  metaphysis, to the femoral shaft.
• d. In addition to reducing weight and handling
  multi-directional stress, the open trabecular
  framework provides support and protection for the
  cells of the bone marrow.

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ANSWER
11
Topic 1 500 Answer

• Which of the following statements regarding the
  trabeculae of spongy bone, in the femur, is
  false?
• a. The trabeculae are oriented against stress
  lines, and display extensive cross-bracing in the
  epiphyses.
• b. At the distal epiphysis, the trabeculae direct
  the forces across the knee joint to the leg.
• c. At the proximal epiphysis, the trabeculae
  transfer forces from the hip, across the
  metaphysis, to the femoral shaft.
• d. In addition to reducing weight and handling
  multi-directional stress, the open trabecular
  framework provides support and protection for the
  cells of the bone marrow.

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12
Topic 2 100 Question

• Which of the following provides a good example of
  endochondral ossification?
• a. mandible
• b. frontal and parietal bones of the skull
• c. limb bones
• d. clavicle

ANSWER
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13
Topic 2 100 Answer

• Which of the following provides a good example of
  endochondral ossification?
• a. mandible
• b. frontal and parietal bones of the skull
• c. limb bones
• d. clavicle

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14
Topic 2 200 Question

• What is the term for the relatively narrow
  cartilaginous region found at the metaphysis of a
  developing long bone?
• a. articular cartilage
• b. epiphyseal cartilage
• c. diaphyseal cartilage
• d. metaphyseal cartilage

ANSWER
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15
Topic 2 200 Answer

• What is the term for the relatively narrow
  cartilaginous region found at the metaphysis of a
  developing long bone?
• a. articular cartilage
• b. epiphyseal cartilage
• c. diaphyseal cartilage
• d. metaphyseal cartilage

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16
Topic 2 300 Question

• During endochondral ossification, the lengthening
  of the bone shaft stops and is marked by which
  event(s)?
• a. Capillaries and osteoblasts, on the epiphyseal
  side, continue to invade lacunae of chondrocytes
  in the epiphyseal cartilage and deposit new bone.
• b. Epiphyseal cartilage production slows and
  osteoblast activity increases.
• c. Epiphyseal cartilage production increases and
  osteoblast activity decreases.
• d. a and c

ANSWER
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17
Topic 2 300 Answer

• During endochondral ossification, the lengthening
  of the bone shaft stops and is marked by which
  event(s)?
• a. Capillaries and osteoblasts, on the epiphyseal
  side, continue to invade lacunae of chondrocytes
  in the epiphyseal cartilage and deposit new bone.
• b. Epiphyseal cartilage production slows and
  osteoblast activity increases.
• c. Epiphyseal cartilage production increases and
  osteoblast activity decreases.
• d. a and c

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18
Topic 2 400 Question

• Which of the following is false regarding
  intramembranous ossification?
• a. Intramembranous ossification is also known as
  dermal ossification.
• b. It begins when mesenchymal cells differentiate
  into osteoclasts within embryonic or fibrous
  connective tissue.
• c. It normally occurs in the deeper layers of the
  dermis.
• d. Examples of intramembranous ossification
  include the frontal and parietal bones, the
  mandible, and the clavicle.

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ANSWER
19
Topic 2 400 Answer

• Which of the following is false regarding
  intramembranous ossification?
• a. Intramembranous ossification is also known as
  dermal ossification.
• b. It begins when mesenchymal cells differentiate
  into osteoclasts within embryonic or fibrous
  connective tissue.
• c. It normally occurs in the deeper layers of the
  dermis.
• d. Examples of intramembranous ossification
  include the frontal and parietal bones, the
  mandible, and the clavicle.

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20
Topic 2 500 Question

• As the epiphyses become filled with spongy bone
  during osteogenesis, several events occur. Which
  of the following events is false?
• a. A thin cap of the original cartilage model
  remains exposed to the joint cavity as the
  articular cartilage.
• b. Within the epiphyseal plate, the chondrocytes
  are organized into zones.
• c. The chondrocytes at the epiphyseal side of the
  cartilage are gradually replaced by bone.
• d. Overall, the thickness of the epiphyseal
  cartilage does not change.

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ANSWER
21
Topic 2 500 Answer

• As the epiphyses become filled with spongy bone
  during osteogenesis, several events occur. Which
  of the following events is false?
• a. A thin cap of the original cartilage model
  remains exposed to the joint cavity as the
  articular cartilage.
• b. Within the epiphyseal plate, the chondrocytes
  are organized into zones.
• c. The chondrocytes at the epiphyseal side of the
  cartilage are gradually replaced by bone.
• d. Overall, the thickness of the epiphyseal
  cartilage does not change.

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22
Topic 3 100 Question

• Which type of fracture occurs when an affected
  area is shattered into a multitude of bony
  fragments?
• a. transverse fracture
• b. spiral fracture
• c. comminuted fracture
• d. Colles fracture

ANSWER
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23
Topic 3 100 Answer

• Which type of fracture occurs when an affected
  area is shattered into a multitude of bony
  fragments?
• a. transverse fracture
• b. spiral fracture
• c. comminuted fracture
• d. Colles fracture

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24
Topic 3 200 Question

• Regular exercise is important as a stimulus that
  maintains normal bone structure in which of the
  following groups of people?
• a. growing children
• b. postmenopausal women
• c. elderly men
• d. All of the above.

ANSWER
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25
Topic 3 200 Answer

• Regular exercise is important as a stimulus that
  maintains normal bone structure in which of the
  following groups of people?
• a. growing children
• b. postmenopausal women
• c. elderly men
• d. All of the above.

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26
Topic 3 300 Question

• What has been hypothesized as the mechanism which
  controls the internal organization and structure
  of bone?
• a. degenerative changes after brief periods of
  inactivity
• b. osteoblast sensitivity to electrical events
• c. osteoblast sensitivity to physical or chemical
  events
• d. increased muscular development, such as weight
  training

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ANSWER
27
Topic 3 300 Answer

• What has been hypothesized as the mechanism which
  controls the internal organization and structure
  of bone?
• a. degenerative changes after brief periods of
  inactivity
• b. osteoblast sensitivity to electrical events
• c. osteoblast sensitivity to physical or chemical
  events
• d. increased muscular development, such as weight
  training

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28
Topic 3 400 Question

• Which of the following statements regarding
  age-related skeletal abnormalities is false?
• a. Maximal bone density is reached in the early
  twenties and decreases as we age.
• b. Vertebrae may collapse due to osteoporosis,
  distorting the vertebral articulations and
  putting pressure on spinal nerves.
• c. The administration of calcitonin by nasal
  spray appears to prevent the development of
  osteoporosis.
• d. For long term use to help reduce the risk of
  spine and hip fractures in elderly women,
  exercise, dietary calcium, and bisphosphonates
  are recommended.

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ANSWER
29
Topic 3 400 Answer

• Which of the following statements regarding
  age-related skeletal abnormalities is false?
• a. Maximal bone density is reached in the early
  twenties and decreases as we age.
• b. Vertebrae may collapse due to osteoporosis,
  distorting the vertebral articulations and
  putting pressure on spinal nerves.
• c. The administration of calcitonin by nasal
  spray appears to prevent the development of
  osteoporosis.
• d. For long term use to help reduce the risk of
  spine and hip fractures in elderly women,
  exercise, dietary calcium, and bisphosphonates
  are recommended.

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30
Topic 3 500 Question

• Which of the following reflects the correct
  sequence of events, which occur during the repair
  of a fracture?
• A swelling marks the location of the fracture.
• An internal callus forms as a network of spongy
  bone unites the inner edges.
• A large hematoma develops.
• 4. The cartilage of the external callus has been
  replaced by bone, and struts of spongy bone unite
  the broken ends.
• a. 3-1-2-4
• b. 2-1-3-4
• c. 1-3-2-4
• d. 3-2-4-1

ANSWER
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31
Topic 3 500 Answer

• Which of the following reflects the correct
  sequence of events, which occur during the repair
  of a fracture?
• A swelling marks the location of the fracture.
• An internal callus forms as a network of spongy
  bone unites the inner edges.
• A large hematoma develops.
• 4. The cartilage of the external callus has been
  replaced by bone, and struts of spongy bone unite
  the broken ends.
• a. 3-1-2-4
• b. 2-1-3-4
• c. 1-3-2-4
• d. 3-2-4-1

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32
Topic 4 100 Question

• Roughly one-third of the weight of bone is from
• a. calcium phosphate
• b. osteocytes
• c. collagen fibers
• d. calcium carbonate

ANSWER
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33
Topic 4 100 Answer

• Roughly one-third of the weight of bone is from
• a. calcium phosphate
• b. osteocytes
• c. collagen fibers
• d. calcium carbonate

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34
Topic 4 200 Question

• Regarding common bone marking terminology, a
  small rounded projection is called a ____.
• a. tubercle
• b. trochanter
• c. tuberosity
• d. condyle

ANSWER
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35
Topic 4 200 Answer

• Regarding common bone marking terminology, a
  small rounded projection is called a ____.
• a. tubercle
• b. trochanter
• c. tuberosity
• d. condyle

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36
Topic 4 300 Question

• Where would the skeletal opening known as a
  meatus be found?
• a. humerus
• b. skull
• c. os coxae
• d. femur

ANSWER
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37
Topic 4 300 Answer

• Where would the skeletal opening known as a
  meatus be found?
• a. humerus
• b. skull
• c. os coxae
• d. femur

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38
Topic 4 400 Question

• Which of the following anatomical terms does not
  relate to processes formed for articulations with
  adjacent bones?
• a. condyle
• b. facet
• c. trochlea
• d. spine

ANSWER
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39
Topic 4 400 Answer

• Which of the following anatomical terms does not
  relate to processes formed for articulations with
  adjacent bones?
• a. condyle
• b. facet
• c. trochlea
• d. spine

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40
Topic 4 500 Question

• Bones which are hollow or contain numerous air
  pockets are found in which anatomic location?
• a. skull
• b. vertebrae
• c. os coxae
• d. mandible

ANSWER
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41
Topic 4 500 Answer

• Bones which are hollow or contain numerous air
  pockets are found in which anatomic location?
• a. skull
• b. vertebrae
• c. os coxae
• d. mandible

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42
Topic 5 100 Question

• Which of the following statements is false
  regarding osteopenia?
• a. The reduction in bone mass occurs between ages
  40 and 50.
• b. Everyone becomes slightly osteopenic as they
  age.
• c. Ultimately, osteoblast activity continues to
  decline, while osteoclast activity continues at
  pre-osteopenic levels.
• d. The skeletons of men deteriorate at the rate
  of about three percent per decade, once
  osteopenia begins.

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ANSWER
43
Topic 5 100 Answer

• Which of the following statements is false
  regarding osteopenia?
• a. The reduction in bone mass occurs between ages
  40 and 50.
• b. Everyone becomes slightly osteopenic as they
  age.
• c. Ultimately, osteoblast activity continues to
  decline, while osteoclast activity continues at
  pre-osteopenic levels.
• d. The skeletons of men deteriorate at the rate
  of about three percent per decade, once
  osteopenia begins.

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44
Topic 5 200 Question

• How many inherited disorders of connective
  tissues are recognized, in which a spontaneous
  mutation in either the egg or sperm of unaffected
  parents results in a genetically transmittable
  condition?
• a. less than 25
• b. approximately 50
• c. approximately 100
• d. greater than 200

ANSWER
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45
Topic 5 200 Answer

• How many inherited disorders of connective
  tissues are recognized, in which a spontaneous
  mutation in either the egg or sperm of unaffected
  parents results in a genetically transmittable
  condition?
• a. less than 25
• b. approximately 50
• c. approximately 100
• d. greater than 200

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46
Topic 5 300 Question

• In which of the following congenital skeletal
  disorders does the total mass of the skeleton
  gradually increase as the result of a decrease in
  osteoclast activity?
• a. osteomalacia
• b. osteopetrosis
• c. gigantism
• d. Marfans syndrome

ANSWER
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47
Topic 5 300 Answer

• In which of the following congenital skeletal
  disorders does the total mass of the skeleton
  gradually increase as the result of a decrease in
  osteoclast activity?
• a. osteomalacia
• b. osteopetrosis
• c. gigantism
• d. Marfans syndrome

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48
Topic 5 400 Question

• What is the clinical term for a condition
  characterized by gradual deformation of the
  skeleton?
• a. osteopenia
• b. osteomalacia
• c. Pagets disease
• d. osteogenesis imperfecta

ANSWER
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49
Topic 5 400 Answer

• What is the clinical term for a condition
  characterized by gradual deformation of the
  skeleton?
• a. osteopenia
• b. osteomalacia
• c. Pagets disease
• d. osteogenesis imperfecta

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50
Topic 5 500 Question

• If both parents have achondroplasia, which of the
  following statements is true?
• a. Chances are that 33 percent of the children
  will be unaffected.
• b. Chances are that 50 percent of the children
  will be affected to some degree.
• c. Chances are that 15 percent of the children
  will inherit two abnormal genes, resulting in
  severe abnormalities and early death.
• d. All of the above are true.

ANSWER
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51
Topic 5 500 Answer

• If both parents have achondroplasia, which of the
  following statements is true?
• a. Chances are that 33 percent of the children
  will be unaffected.
• b. Chances are that 50 percent of the children
  will be affected to some degree.
• c. Chances are that 15 percent of the children
  will inherit two abnormal genes, resulting in
  severe abnormalities and early death.
• d. All of the above are true.

BACK TO GAME
52
FINAL ROUND Question

• Which is the correct sequence of the following
  events, which occur during the process of
  endochondral ossification of a limb bone?
• Epiphyses become filled with spongy bone, and the
  epiphyseal plate separates the epiphysis from the
  diaphysis.
• Blood supply to the periosteum increases, and
  capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into the
  heart of the cartilage.
• As the cartilage enlarges, chondrocytes near the
  center of the diaphysis increase greatly in size
  the surrounding matrix begins to calcify.
• Secondary ossification centers form as
  capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into the
  centers of the epiphyses.
• Cells of the perichondrium differentiate into
  osteoblasts, and a bone collar is formed around
  the shaft of the cartilage.
• 6. Osteoclasts erode the central portion of the
  shaft, creating a medullary cavity.
• a. 3-2-5-6-4-1
• b. 6-3-5-2-4-1
• c. 3-5-2-6-4-1
• d. 2-4-1-6-3-5

ANSWER
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53
FINAL ROUND Answer

• Which is the correct sequence of the following
  events, which occur during the process of
  endochondral ossification of a limb bone?
• Epiphyses become filled with spongy bone, and the
  epiphyseal plate separates the epiphysis from the
  diaphysis.
• Blood supply to the periosteum increases, and
  capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into the
  heart of the cartilage.
• As the cartilage enlarges, chondrocytes near the
  center of the diaphysis increase greatly in size
  the surrounding matrix begins to calcify.
• Secondary ossification centers form as
  capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into the
  centers of the epiphyses.
• Cells of the perichondrium differentiate into
  osteoblasts, and a bone collar is formed around
  the shaft of the cartilage.
• 6. Osteoclasts erode the central portion of the
  shaft, creating a medullary cavity.
• a. 3-2-5-6-4-1
• b. 6-3-5-2-4-1
• c. 3-5-2-6-4-1
• d. 2-4-1-6-3-5

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