Cleaning Products

1
Cleaning Products Chemistry

• What, When, Where, How Why

2
Basic Cleaning Chemistry Products

• One Principle of Working Smarter Not Harder

3
Why Chemistry?

• Safety
• Yours
• Others
• Facilitys
• Productivity
• Cost Effective Products
• Labor Efficient Practices

4
Chemistry?

• Is one of your Tools of the Trade
• Cleaning Chemicals (Cleaning Products)
• Liquids, Pastes, Powders
• Cleaners, Disinfectants, Acids, Polishes,
  Abrasives, Surface Treatments and Finishes
• Strippers, Descalers and Graffiti Removers
• Cleaning Is Chemistry !

5
How Products Work

• Cleaning agents
• Cleaning agents are those products that act on
  surfaces to remove soils.
• Professional custodians learn to identify
  products by type rather than brand name or
  product name
• Q What do you use to clean restrooms?
• A That red stuff, its called Brite-n-Shiny
• Q What do you use to clean restrooms?
• A A disinfectant cleaner for daily cleaning
  and an acid cleaner periodically to remove
  mineral deposits.
• Being able to identify cleaning agents by type
  will enable you to quickly choose the right
  product for the situation regardless of the
  product name

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Types of Cleaning Agents

• Water
• Considered hard or soft depending upon the
  quality and quantity of metallic salts in
  solution,
• Hard if tested over 400 ppm.
• Water alone may remove some soils, but it cannot
  penetrate and wet the surface under grease and
  oil.

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Natural Soaps

• Mixtures of naturally occurring ingredients
• Alkalis, plus animal or vegetable fats and oils
• Caustic soda, lime or lye,
• Add cleaning power to water
• Allows the water to penetrate the soil, wetting
  the surface
• Natural soaps in hard water leave a film
• Salts in the water react with the oils in the
  natural soap
• Rinsing is often required to prevent re-soiling

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Detergents

• Detergents emulsify dirt but are made from
  chemicals, and not from fats and lye
• Detergents contain water softening agents and
  other chemicals that allow soil to be removed
  efficiently and without leaving residues that
  require rinsing
• Neutral cleaners, Spray Wipe cleaners, etc.
• Detergents chemically soften water allowing it
  to clean faster, usually without rinsing

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Solvent Cleaners

• All cleaners contain some type of solvent
• Water is a solvent
• Effective on soils containing no grease or oil
• Kerosene, pine oil, benzene, methyl chloride,
  alcohol, etc.
• Can damage skin, lungs etc. Theyre dangerous to
  use
• Solvent cleaners present special dangers

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Acid Cleaners

• Used to clean mineral deposits and/or rust stains
  left by hard water
• Select by the type of acid and its strength
• Hydrochloric acid bowl cleaners will damage
  chrome and other metal surfaces no matter their
  strength
• Sulfuric acid products used as drain openers, are
  very dangerous and should only be used by someone
  who has been trained
• Phosphoric acid bowl cleaners - 8 to 20 will not
  damage chrome or stainless steel surfaces.
  Products as strong as 33 are used as descalers
  for commercial dishwashers, coffee urns, etc.
• Acid cleaners always require Personal Protective
  Equipment
• Read labels and MSDS to avoid injury.

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Disinfecting Methods

• Sunlight or Fresh Air (ozone)
• Extreme heat or cold
• Electrical sterilization
• Chemical agents

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Disinfectants

• Germicides
• Disinfectants
• Sporicides
• Sanitizers
• Disinfecting- is the process of controlling and
  eliminating bacteria except for spores
• Sporicides- control and eliminate bacteria,
  including spores
• Sanitizing- is the reduction of bacteria which is
  usually associated with the food industry
• Wiping a surface with clean water and a clean
  cloth is sanitizing

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The Evolution Of Chemical Disinfectants

• Sulfur 800 BC
• Chlorine/Hyrpochlorites Late 18th Century
• Iodine/Iodophors 1839
• Alcohol 1890
• Phenolics 1903
• Quaternary 1935

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Label Requirements For Germicides

• Use Dilution
• 1 oz.. per gal., 1/2 oz. per gal., 6 oz. per
  gal., etc.
• Directions for Usage
• Method of application, surfaces on which it can
  be used, etc.
• Precautions
• OSHA right-to-know, corrosive, skin/eye irritant,
  etc.
• EPA Registration
• Federal and Establishment number
• List of Active Ingredients
• Inert materials, active ingredients, germicides
  used
• UL Classification
• Electrical conductivity and slip resistance

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Three Important Points of Disinfectants

• 1. Do not mix products
• Noxious gases can form
• 2. Do not create A bath tub remedy!
• If not dangerous, it can render ingredients
  useless
• 3. Overuse can be as detrimental as under using a
  disinfectant!
• Doesnt kill any more germs and leaves residues
  that resoil faster.

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Disinfectant / Cleaners

• Housekeeping departments
• Quat disinfectant cleaners (ph neutral cleaner)
• 95 kill rate of listed organisms on contact
• 100 kill rate after 10 minutes wet contact time
• Germs reproduce quickly
• 2 make 4, 4 make 8, 8 make 16, 16 make 32, 32
  make 64, 64 make 128, etc.
• From 1 to 64 billion in 12 hours

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Abrasive Cleaners

• Clean primarily by abrasion. Some also contain
  detergent components
• Silica (fine sand), volcanic pumice jewelers
  rouge
• Found as lotions, pastes and powders.
• Abrasive cleaners can quickly scratch and
  permanently damage surfaces.

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Cleaning Abrasives

• Pumice sticks, floor pads, hand pads, screens,
  sandpaper or emery cloth and scrubbing brushes
• Cloths, fingernails, scrapers, etc.
• Always use the finest first rule for abrasive
  cleaners and cleaning abrasives

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Enzymatic Cleaners

• Use active bacteria (good germs) to kill (eat)
  pathogenic bacteria (bad germs)
• Also digest organic proteins (germ food)
• Require time to work
• Product contains spores (seeds/eggs)
• Need time to hatch and grow
• Time to work
• Require correct conditions
• Temperature, humidity, light, air
• Disinfectants disable enzymatic cleaners
• Including disinfectant residues rinse first

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Specialty Cleaners

• Cleaners formulated for a specific soil
• Carpet de-browners
• Rust removers
• Carpet sanitizers
• Adhesive removers
• Paint / graffiti removers
• Etc.

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Soil Removal

• What Are We Trying To Remove?

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What is Dirt?

• In the same sense that a weed is a plant
  growing where it is not wanted, Dirt is a
  substance out of place
• Asphalt and oil are to be found naturally in a
  parking lot, but when tracked in on the
  carpeting
• Dirt, Soil, Muck, Stuff, Something, Spot, Crud,
  Gunk Call it all Soil

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Types Of Soil

• Two types of soil
• Loose, dry, crusty soil
• Oily, sticky soil
• Each type comes from different sources and
  requires different products and processes to be
  used in its removal

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Loose Dry Soil

• Dust, tracked in dirt or dried mud, sand, etc.
• Usually removed through direct mechanical action
• Swept, dust mopped, wiped, or vacuumed
• Water added to loose dry soil creates mud
• Resembles and acts like oily sticky soil,
  requiring more time and effort to clean
• Work dry soils with dry processes

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Crusty Soil

• Mineral deposits
• Use acid cleaners to dissolve and remove mineral
  deposits
• Allow 15 minutes dwell time, agitate, and rinse
• Heavy deposits may require more than one
  application

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Oily Sticky Soil

• Any surface that has not been cleaned in as
  little as twelve hours will have dust on it
• Dust on a surface, over time, begins to resemble
  oily, sticky soil
• Combines with other substances such as moisture
  and body oils from people touching surfaces,
  through their breathing, and by just their
  occupying of space in the building
• Dry soils become oily and sticky over time.

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Oily Sticky Soil

• Grease and oils make the soil stick to a surface.
  The longer dirt remains on a surface, the more
  it tends to bond with that surface and the harder
  it is to remove
• May be tracked in from parking lots
• May come from people touching surfaces or just
  from breathing

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Oily Sticky Soil

• Greases and oils on building surfaces come from
• Body oils hands, clothing, from respiration
• Oils used in food preparation and serving
• Oils in toiletries, cosmetics, petroleum products
  (vehicle fluids) tracked in
• Exhaust fumes floating in through doorways,
  windows, fresh air intakes, etc.

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Oily Sticky Soil

• Black marks on floors come from soft-soled shoes,
  heels, and shoe polish, tires, wheels and
  furniture glides
• The heat of friction and pressure from chair
  glides causes residual dust mop treatments, dry
  soils, moisture and floor finishes to react and
  transform into into a thick, dark deposit that
  can be difficult to remove without requiring
  repairs to the finish
• Removal of oily, sticky soils requires some type
  of cleaning agent, time and effort and may remove
  finishes beneath them

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Soil Removal

• How Do We Get Rid of Soils?

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Detergency Processes

• The chemical processes by which cleaning agents
  remove soil from surfaces
• Involves a combination of chemical actions,
  including wetting action, emulsifying action,
  dispersing action and adsorption action
• Knowing how products react with soils and
  surfaces allows you to select a product that fits
  the situation and perform your tasks efficiently
  without damaging the buildings in your care

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Wetting Action

• Wetting action makes water wetter by reducing
  its surface tension

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Emulsifying Action

• Emulsification keeps oil and dirt separate and
  the oil in suspension

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Dispersing Action

• Dispersion keeps dirt particles from re-clumping
  and re-depositing

35
Adsorption Action

• Adsorption causes dirt to cling to cleaning
  agents until it can be wiped away

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Basic Methods of Cleaning

• Direct Mechanical Action
• Cleanser and a green pad, scraper, etc.
• 90 of a Maintenance Operations budget is labor
• Direct Mechanical Action is 100 labor scraping
  off soils
• Elbow Grease (Direct Mechanical Action) is your
  most expensive cleaning product

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Basic Methods of Cleaning

• Chemical Action
• Soils are electro-chemically bonded to the
  surface. We must break that bond to remove the
  soils
• Cleaning happens at Neutral (pH 7)

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Cleaning with Chemistry

• pH and the pH scale
• pH refers to the ratio of positively and
  negatively charged hydrogen ions in a substance

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pH Scale
Oily, Sticky Organic Soils
Dry, Loose Mineral Soils
10 million times stronger than water
10 million times stronger than water
7
Increasing Acidity
Increasing Alkalinity
5
4
3
2
1
8
9
10
11
12
13
10x
10x
10x
10x
10x
10x
10x
10x
10x
10x
10x
10x
10x
6.5 - 7.5 Neutral
Pure Water
CSP
Vinegar
Descaler
Creme Clean
Nutra-Rinse
Rust Remover
Caustic Soda (Lye)
Boric Acid
Disinfectant Cleaners
Hydrochloric Acid
Window Cleaner
Neutral Cleaner
Extraction Cleaner
Spray Wipe Cleaners
Degreasers
Hand Soap
Floor Strippers
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Cleaning With Chemistry

• Identify the relative pH of the soil
• Apply a product with the opposite pH
• This brings the pH of the soil closer to Neutral
• Ever hear of the word Neutralize? This is where
  it comes from
• When the pH of the soil gets close to Neutral,
  you can wipe it off
• Allow the product some time for the chemistry to
  work

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T.A.C.T. Principle

• In order for products to work, they need
• Time to work dwell time, time to penetrate and
  loosen soils
• Agitation to mix the soil and solution, put it in
  solution so it may be removed
• Concentration it must be at the correct
  dilution too much wastes product, leaves streaks
  and residues which attract soil so the surface
  gets dirty faster and you have to clean more
  frequently too little will require more effort
  (labor / time)
• Temperature most products are formulated for
  use in cold water using hot water may cause
  streaking or cause the product to rise into the
  air with the steam rather than be applied to the
  surface where it is needed.

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Cleaning With Chemistry

• Use Acidic Products on Alkaline Soils Use
  Alkaline Products on Acidic Soils
• Remember Relatively Acidic or Relatively
  Alkaline
• So Acid on mineral deposits Alkaline Cleaners
  (Spray Wipe Cleaners) on food spills

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pH Balance

• A soils pH unbalances the scale
• Applying a product with the opposite pH
  neutralizes the pH of the soil and brings the pH
  of the surface back into balance
• Using cleaners with the same relative pH as the
  soil is not the most efficient way to clean it
  relies on direct mechanical action labor /
  elbow grease is the most expensive cleaning
  product you can use.

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How Strong Is That Product?

• Remember, each step away from 7 on the pH scale
  is 10 times stronger than the one before.
• The Strength of a product refers to how far
  away its pH is from Neutral the farther away
  from Neutral, the Stronger the product

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Cleaning With Chemistry

• Neutral Cleaners have a pH between 6.5 and 7.5
• Neutral Cleaners can be used on both acidic and
  alkaline soils to good effect
• Neutral Floor Cleaners have the added benefit of
  not damaging floor seals and finishes
• Disinfectant Cleaners are typically Germicides
  (kill germs) blended with Neutral Cleaners, and
  can be used on acidic or alkaline soils where
  killing germs is desired

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CITYWIDE RECOMENDS

• We advise to use a peroxide cleaner such as
  SUPROX as the primary cleaning agent in your
  buildings
• Peroxide cleaners can be used on most all
  surfaces including glass
• It is relatively inexpensive, easy to use and
  highly effective
• SUPROX is Green Seal Certified
• Great on floors and lightens grout with continued
  use
• Most buildings could be cleaned with SUPROX and a
  disinfectantnothing else!!
• Available from Hillyard

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Types Of Cleaners

• Neutral Cleaners
• Alkaline Cleaners
• Acid Cleaners
• Disinfectant Cleaners
• Abrasive Cleaners Cleaning Abrasives
• Enzymatic Cleaners
• Specialty Cleaners

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Types Of Soils

• Oily, Sticky Soil
• Dry, Loose Soil (Mineral Deposits)
• Microorganisms (Germs)
• Dyes or Pigments
• Depending on the surface and the type of
  colorant, dye stains can be permanent.

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Building Surfaces

• Our job is to preserve building surfaces, not to
  damage them
• All building surfaces may be damaged
• Chemically
• Physically

• Any building surface may be damaged by using the
  wrong chemical.
• Floor finishes
• Wood
• Painted surfaces
• Fabrics
• Even hard surfaces can be scratched and grout can
  be dissolved

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Hand Tools

• By Level of Aggressiveness Low to High
• Lambs Wool Duster
• Soft Brooms Brushes
• Cleaning Cloths Wipers
• Natural Fiber, Nylon Brushes
• Hand Floor Pads The Lighter The Color, The
  Softer The Pad (More or Less)
• Grit Brushes
• Wire Brushes
• Scrapers

• Any building surface may be damaged by using the
  wrong hand tool.

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Cleaning Equipment

• Floor machines
• Using pads or brushes
• Burnishers
• Autoscrubbers
• Extractors
• Vacuums
• All-Surface Cleaners

• Any piece of equipment, used incorrectly or with
  the wrong pad or brush, can damage building
  surfaces

52
Cleaning With Chemistry

• In an ideal world there would be a product that,
  when sprayed on a soil, would cause the soil to
  magically disappear.

53
Cleaning With Chemistry

• In the real world...
• Soil happens
• Grab your favorite cleaner
• Maybe it works. If it doesnt work, try something
  else usually something stronger.
• Best case the soil is removed, and only time is
  lost.
• Worst case the soil is spread, a stain is set,
  or the surface is damaged.

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Cleaning Smartly

• Estimate the composition of the soil
• pH of soil
• Consider the surface
• Choose your product
• Choose your tool - use the finest first rule
• Choose your method
• Try to clean the soil
• Change levels of aggressiveness step-by-step
• Do no harm

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Review

• Product Types
• Neutral Cleaners
• Alkaline Cleaners
• Acid Cleaners
• Disinfectant Cleaners
• Abrasive Cleaners Cleaning Abrasives
• Enzymatic Cleaners
• Specialty Cleaners

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Quiz

• pH refers to the relative or
• of a substance.
• (T/F) when in doubt, use a neutral cleaner.
• Marble would be harmed by an or cleaner.
• When in doubt, use the rule, and Do
  No Harm.
• (T/F) Surface Tension makes water wetter.

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Quiz

1. (T/F) When faced with an unknown soil, use the
   spray wipe cleaner.
2. (T/F) Adsorption Action makes spray wipe
   cleaners work quickly.
3. (T/F) Quat Disinfectants kill 100 of listed
   organisms on contact.
4. T.A.C.T. stands for , , , and .
5. Generally speaking, choose a product with the
   pH of the soil.

58
Quiz

1. Emulsification keeps and separate, and the
   in suspension until they can be removed.
2. The two general soil types discussed were
   soil and soil.
3. Besides the above soil types we must also
   determine the presence of and (other
   soil types) when selecting cleaning products.
4. Abrasive cleaners and cleaning abrasives clean
   mainly through action.
5. (T/F) Specialty cleaners may be used on soils and
   stains other than those listed.

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Answers

1. pH refers to the relative acidity or alkalinity
   of a substance.
2. (T) when in doubt, use a neutral cleaner.
3. Marble would be harmed by an acid or abrasive
   cleaner.
4. When in doubt, use the finest-first rule, and Do
   No Harm.
5. (T) Surface Tension makes water wetter.

60
Answers

1. (F) When faced with an unknown soil, use the
   spray wipe cleaner.
2. (T) Wetting, Dispersion, Emulsification, and
   Adsorption Actions are what makes spray wipe
   cleaners work quickly.
3. (F) Quat Disinfectants kill 100 of listed
   organisms on contact.
4. T.A.C.T. stands for Time, Agitation,
   Concentration, and Temperature.
5. Generally speaking, choose a product with the
   opposite pH of the soil.

61
Quiz

1. Emulsification keeps oil and dirt separate, and
   the oil in suspension until they can be removed.
2. The two general soil types discussed were oily,
   sticky soil and loose, dry soil.
3. Besides the above soil types we must also
   determine the presence of microorganisms and dyes
   or pigments (other soil types) when selecting
   cleaning products.
4. Abrasive cleaners and cleaning abrasives clean
   mainly through mechanical or physical action.
5. (F) Specialty cleaners may be used on soils and
   stains other than those listed. ALL products
   should be used for their intended purpose.
   Specialty products may have unusual ingredients
   that could damage other surfaces.

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Cleaning Products

• Thank You For Your Participation