CE 3372 Water Systems Design

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CE 3372 Water Systems Design

• Module 002 Brief History of Water and
  Wastewater Needs

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Outline

• Brief History
• Engineering and Design Concepts
• Water Use and Control
• Trenching

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Brief History of Water Systems

• This brief history is adapted from
• Historical Urban Water Systems by Dr. Robert
  Pitt, Department of Civil and Environmental
  Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa,
  AL 35487
• As we proceed through the history, consider
  whether the picture is a water control, water
  use, or environmental restoration system.

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Brief History of Water Systems

• Drinking Water

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Brief History of Water Systems

• Storm Water

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Brief History of Water Systems

• Waste Water

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Brief History of Water Systems

• Conduits

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Brief History of Water Systems

• Pumps

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Brief History of Water Systems

• Storage

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Engineering

• Engineering is the profession in which a
  knowledge of the mathematical and natural
  sciences gained by study, experience, and
  practice is applied with judgment to develop ways
  to use, economically, the materials and forces of
  nature for the benefit of mankind.
• NAP, 1985 Engineering Education and Practice in
  the United States Engineering Technology
  Education ISBN 0-309-07826-1

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Engineering

• Engineering is the profession where mathematical
  and natural science is applied to develop ways to
  use the materials and forces of nature to benefit
  mankind
• ABET is credited with this definition, yet the
  actual quote is hard to find. The National
  Academies mentions ABET in the paragraph
  following their definition, so I will accept the
  above as ABETs definition.

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Engineering

• Engineering is innovative application of
  knowledge to produce something to satisfy human
  needs
• Voland, G. 2004. Engineering by Design 2ed.
  Prtentice Hall, 640p. ISBN 0131409190

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Engineering

• Invention is neither necessary nor mentioned in
  the ABET definition.
• engineering is systematic
• science is systematic
• what are the 5 steps of the scientific method?

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Engineering

• Invention is mentioned in the NAP definition but
  otherwise the definition is a lot like the ABET
  definition
• Develop ways to
• Invent ways to

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Engineering

• Invention is the point of engineering in Volands
  definition
• there is, in fact, no mention of systematic
• All three definitions serve the same customer
  (us!)
• ABET to benefit mankind
• NAP for the benefit of mankind
• Voland to satisfy human needs

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Design

• Creation of a solution to a problem
• In a practical sense a design might be
• A drawing
• A prototype
• A report
• A program
• A set of instructions (recipe)
• Something from nothing that solves a problem

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Design

• Things engineers do that are design
• Select of specifications from a manual
• Scheduling materials
• Populating an input file to run a computer
  program
• Running a program to produce output to support a
  permit application
• Writing an operations protocol (a recipe to run
  something)

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Design

• Design is the management of constraints
• Negotiable
• Money
• Time
• Aesthetics
• Performance
• Non-negotiable
• Physics
• Chemistry

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Design Constraints

• Identify and classify constraints
• Manipulate design variables to satisfy
  non-negotiable constraints and optimize
  negotiable constraints

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Frequency Based Design

• Design to accommodate an event of some
  pre-determined probability (return frequency).
• Assume that more frequent events are also
  accommodated.
• You did frequency analysis in hydrology!
• T-year event

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Risk Based Design

• Design to accommodate some pre-determined
  expected net loss.
• Expected loss is product of the probability of
  failure and the cost of that failure.
• Design to minimize the sum of initial cost and
  expected loss
• You did elements of risk analysis in hydrology,
  namely the probability portion.

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Critical-Event Design

• Design to accommodate largest anticipated event.
• Applied for systems where consequences of failure
  are huge (economically and/or politically)
• Large dams, nuclear power plants
• Assumes the event is anticipated
• Earthquake Tunsami Pump Failure combined were
  not anticipated (actually they were, just no-one
  paid attention!)

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Hydrologic Data

• Design uses hydrologic and geologic data and
  various analysis tools
• USGS topography, streamflow, computer programs
• NRCS soil maps, land use, computer programs
• US EPA rules, chemical properties, computer
  programs
• NCDC rainfall, snowfall, solar radiation
• USBR Western US water and energy supply
• USACOE Navigable waterways, computer programs
• FHWA design manuals, computer programs

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Hydrologic Data

• Design uses hydrologic and geologic data and
  various analysis tools
• TWDB Funding (for cities and water districts)
• TCEQ Rules, guidelines, some data
• TNRIS Evaporation estimates, digital elevation
  models, digital ortho-quadrant maps, false IR
  images, etc.
• TxDOT Design manuals, some data, computer
  programs
• County Rules, design manuals, some operate
  rainfall-stage networks
• Cities Rules, design manuals

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Hydrologic Data

• Design uses hydrologic and geologic data and
  various analysis tools
• River authorities
• Drainage districts
• Flood control districts
• Irrigation districts
• Council of Governments (COGs)

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Data

• Most data are NOT free
• Agencies charge a fee for data, usually pretty
  small.
• NCDC is worst offender of taking the fee, then
  providing the wrong data, so be sure you know
  what you want.
• A lot of useful data are currently free, but
  dont get offended if in the future you expected
  to pay for it.

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Water Control Systems

• Spatial and temporal distribution of surface
  runoff from rainfall events (drainage
  engineering)
• Flood control
• Storm water harvesting
• Capacity is based on AREA served
• hydrology dominated designs

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Water Use Systems

• Spatial and temporal distribution in support of
  human habitation
• Water supply/treatment/distribution
• Waste water collection/treatment/discharge
• Capacity is based on POPULATION served
• hydraulic dominated designs

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Environmental Restoration Systems

• Spatial and temporal distribution in support of
  non-human habitation
• Create desirable conditions
• Desirable lt Policy lt Value Judgment

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Trenching

• Most water distribution and some water collection
  systems are placed underground.
• Trenching is usually the most efficient way to
  place systems underground.

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Trench Terminology
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Backfill Guidelines (Typical)
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Backfill Guidelines

• Use requirements of jurisdiction where project is
  located.
• Flowline (invert grade line) is where bedding
  placed.
• Flowline determined by hydraulics and hydrology
  requirements.