CST

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CST Review
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CST and FINAL EXAM REVIEW Directions Both your
final exam and the CST (STAR) test are based on
the California Standards. There are five major
categories and they include Investigation and
Experimentation, Cell Biology, Genetics,
Evolution and Ecology, and Physiology. Each of
the categories includes a number of topics that
you should know about. I am including each of
the California Standards and questions that
pertain to each. Answer them completely using
your notes and textbook as resources.
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1. What is a controlled experiment?
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• What is a controlled experiment?
• Controlled experiment tests effect of a single
  variable while keeping all other variables the
  same

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2. What is the difference between a hypothesis
and a theory?
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2. What is the difference between a hypothesis
and a theory? hypothesis a possible explanation
to a scientific question. (an educated guess
based on prior knowledge and observations) Theory
a well tested and supported hypothesis (Cell
theory, theory of Natural Selection, Atomic
theory)
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Observation classified into two types
Quantitative involve numbers, counting,
measuring objects.
Qualitative involve characteristics that
cannot be easily measured or counted such as
color or texture
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3. When conducting experiments, sometimes the
results are not consistent and may yield results
that are obviously wrong. What might be some
typical sources of unavoidable errors?
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• 3. When conducting experiments, sometimes the
  results are not consistent and may yield results
  that are obviously wrong. What might be some
  typical sources of unavoidable errors?
• Human error (mistakes in conducting experiment)
• Small sample tested
• Contaminated sample

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4. Why is the cell membrane referred to as being
semi-permeable?
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4. Why is the cell membrane referred to as being
semi-permeable? Most membranes are selectively
permeable (some materials can pass across
membrane and others cannot) like sieve
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5. The cell membrane can be referred to as a
mosaic. What is the cell membrane composed of?
(Draw a diagram and label)
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5. The cell membrane can be referred to as a
mosaic. What is the cell membrane composed of?
(Draw a diagram and label)
Proteins act like passageways for larger
molecules to pass through membrane
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6. What is an enzyme and how does it speed up a
chemical reaction?
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6. What is an enzyme and how does it speed up a
chemical reaction?
Enzymes specialized proteins that act as
biological catalysts (catalysts a substance that
speeds up rate of chemical reaction by lowering a
reactions activation energy)
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Enzymes are very specific
Name of enzyme derived from reaction it catalyzes
Enzymes are not used up in a chemical reaction.
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7. What conditions affect the action of an enzyme
(name three things)
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• 7. What conditions affect the action of an enzyme
  (name three things)
• Temperature
• pH
• Presence of substrate

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8. What is the difference between a prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cell? (Give an example of each
type)
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8. What is the difference between a prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cell? (Give an example of each
type)
Prokaryotic cell- no nucleus (bacteria) Eucaryoti
c cell- has nucleus
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9. What are the roles of the endoplasmic
reticulum and the golgi apparatus in the
secretion of proteins?
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9. What are the roles of the endoplasmic
reticulum and the golgi apparatus in the
secretion of proteins? Endoplasmic Reticulum-
cells internal transport system (Rough ER- (has
ribosomes attached) and Smooth ER (no
ribosomes) Golgi Apparatus- post office of the
cell
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10. What is the role of mitochondria in the cell?
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10. What is the role of mitochondria in the
cell? Mitochondria- found in nearly all
eukaryotic cells. Use energy from food to power
growth, development and movement. Powerhouse of
cell
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11. What kind of cells might have a high number
of mitochondria?
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11. What kind of cells might have a high number
of mitochondria? Cells that need a lot of energy.
Heart cells, sperm cells, muscle cells, etc.
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12. What are the four types of organic molecules
found in living things?
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12. What are the four types of organic molecules
found in living things? Four groups of organic
compounds found in living things (carbohydrates,
lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins) Macromolecule
s formed by process called polymerization (large
compounds built be joining together smaller
ones) Monomers smaller compounds Polymers large
molecules
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• 13. Large macromolecules (polymers) are made
  (synthesized) from smaller building blocks called
  monomers. What are the building blocks for
• Proteins-
• Carbohydrates-
• Nucleic Acids-

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• 13. Large macromolecules (polymers) are made
  (synthesized) from smaller building blocks called
  monomers. What are the building blocks for
• Proteins- amino acids
• Carbohydrates- glucose (single-sugar,
  monosaccharide)
• Nucleic Acids- nucleotide

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14. Proteins are all made from amino acids. What
makes one protein different from another?
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14. Proteins are all made from amino acids. What
makes one protein different from another? The
number of amino acids and the sequence of amino
acids (like letters in an alphabet spelling
different words)
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15. What effect does temperature have on proteins?
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15. What effect does temperature have on
proteins? It changes the 3-dimensional structure
of the protein (this will also change the way the
protein functions) Like when you cook a steak or
eggs- it changes the consistency. It may also
stop the action of an enzyme- snake venom
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16. What organelle is responsible for
photosynthesis and what is the name of the
chemical (pigment) responsible for capturing the
energy from sunlight?
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16. What organelle is responsible for
photosynthesis and what is the name of the
chemical (pigment) responsible for capturing the
energy from sunlight? Chloroplasts- found in
plants and some other organisms (none found in
animals and fungi)
Green pigment- chlorophyll found in
photosynthetic membranes
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17. What is mitosis and what types of cells
undergo mitosis?
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17. What is mitosis and what types of cells
undergo mitosis? Division of cells forming two
identical new daughter cells (body cells) 2n ? 2n
Part of Cell Cycle PMAT (stages) followed by
cytokinesis
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18. What is the difference between diploid cells
and haploid cells?
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18. What is the difference between diploid cells
and haploid cells? Diploid (2n)- two sets of
chromosomes (normal number in body cells) Haploid
(n)- half the number of chromosomes (found in sex
cells-gametes)
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19. What process produces diploid cells and which
produces haploid cells?
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19. What process produces diploid cells and which
produces haploid cells? Mitosis- makes diploid
cells 2n ? 2n Meiosis- makes haploid sex cells
(gametes) 2n ? n n
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20. What is meiosis and what does it result in?
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20. What is meiosis and what does it result
in? Process of producing sex cells
(gametes) Results in four haploid (n) cells
(sperm or egg)
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21. Explain why this is a good representation of
fertilization n n 2n
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21. Explain why this is a good representation of
fertilization n n 2n Shows two haploid cells
(gametes) coming together to produce diploid (2n)
cell-zygote n n 2n
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22. What is meant by segregation when sex cells
(gametes) are produced?
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22. What is meant be segregation when sex cells
(gametes) are produced? Chromosomes segregate
(separate) during meiosis.
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23. What is independent assortment?
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23. What is independent assortment?
Each of the chromosome pairs separate
independently of the others (like flipping a coin
each time to determine which one to use)
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24. What is a mutation?
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24. What is a mutation? Any change in an
organisms DNA. Happens naturally and randomly
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25. Mutations may or may not affect the
expression of a gene. Why?
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• 25. Mutations may or may not affect the
  expression of a gene. Why?
• It may not change the amino acid it codes for
  (there are multiple combinations that code for
  same amino acid)
• It may be a mutation in area of DNA that does not
  code for proteins

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26. What are sex chromosomes and what
combinations would result in a boy or a girl?
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26. What are sex chromosomes and what
combinations would result in a boy or a
girl? Girl XX Boy XY
23rd pair of chromosomes in humans
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• 27. What occurs during
• Replication-
• Transcription-
• Translation-

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• 27. What occurs during
• Replication- DNA making DNA
• Transcription- DNA making RNA
• Translation- RNA making Proteins

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28. What are the differences between DNA and RNA
(name three)
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28. What are the differences between DNA and RNA
(name three)
DNA RNA
Sugar-deoxyribose Sugar-ribose
Double stranded Single stranded
ATCG AUCG
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29. What is a codon and how is it involved in
protein synthesis?
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29. What is a codon and how is it involved in
protein synthesis?
3-letter code word on mRNA that codes for a
particular amino acid
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30. During replication, the DNA sequence of
GTTACGCAT would result in another strand have a
sequence of?
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30. During replication, the DNA sequence of
GTTACGCAT would result in another strand have a
sequence of? GTTACGCAT CAATGCGTA
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31. During transcription, the DNA sequence of
GTTACGCAT would result in a strand of RNA having
a sequence of?
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31. During transcription, the DNA sequence of
GTTACGCAT would result in a strand of RNA having
a sequence of? GTTACGCAT CAAUGCGUA
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• 32. Use the table below to determine what amino
  acid sequence the following strands of mRNA would
  code for
• GGCAUACCC-
• UUCCAGUUA-
• GCATTACGG-

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• 32. Use the table below to determine what amino
  acid sequence the following strands of mRNA would
  code for
• GGCAUACCC- Gly - Ile - Pro
• UUCCAGUUA- Phe - Stop - Leu
• GCAUUACGG- Ala - Leu - Arg

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• What about a DNA sequence of
• GGCATACCC-
• UUCCAGTTA-
• GCATTACGG-

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• What about a DNA sequence of
• GGCATACCC-
• CCGUAUGGG- Pro-Tyr-Pro
• UUCCAGTTA-
• AAGGUCAAU- Lys-Val-Asn
• GCATTACGG-
• CGUAAUGCC- Arg-Asn-Ala

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• 33. What are the complementary bases in DNA and
  in RNA?
• DNA-
• RNA-

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• 33. What are the complementary bases in DNA and
  in RNA?
• DNA- AT CG
• RNA- AU CG

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34. Males are more likely to have a sex-linked
trait than females. Why?
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34. Males are more likely to have a sex-linked
trait than females. Why? Males only have a
single X chromosome and will have recessive
disorder on X chromosome automatically (do not
have another X with a possible normal gene to
counteract) XHXh XHXh- normal XhXh
disorder XHY normal XhY
disorder
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35. Why can a women be a carrier of a sex-linked
genetic disorder but a male cannot?
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35. Why can a women be a carrier of a sex-linked
genetic disorder but a male cannot? Girls have 2
X chromosomes XHXh- normal (carrier) carries the
gene but does not express it
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35. What is crossing over? (Draw a diagram and
explain)
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35. What is crossing over? (Draw a diagram and
explain)
Legs of chromosomes cross over each other and
exchange parts of themselves
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36. Complete the following genetic cross and give
the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the
offspring Tt x tt (draw punnett square
and give ratios)
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36. Complete the following genetic cross and give
the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the
offspring Tt x tt (draw punnett square
and give ratios)
Genotypic ratio- 11 Phenotypic ratio- 11
T t
Tt tt
Tt tt
t t
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37. Complete the following genetic cross and give
the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the
offspring XXh x XhY (draw punnett
square and give ratios)
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37. Complete the following genetic cross and give
the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the
offspring XXh x XhY (draw punnett
square and give ratios)
Genotypic ratio- 1111 Phenotypic ratio-
1111 Female-normal Female-disorder Male-normal
Male-disorder
X Xh
XXh XhXh
XY XhY
Xh Y
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38. In fruit flies, the gene for red eyes (R) is
dominant and the gene for sepia eyes (r) is
recessive. What are the possible combinations of
genes in the offspring of two red-eyed
heterozygous flies (Rr)? (draw punnett square)
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38. In fruit flies, the gene for red eyes (R) is
dominant and the gene for sepia eyes (r) is
recessive. What are the possible combinations of
genes in the offspring of two red-eyed
heterozygous flies (Rr)? (draw punnett square)
R r
Genotypic ratio- 121 Phenotypic ratio- 31
RR Rr
Rr rr
R r
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39. What is cloning?
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39. What is cloning?
Cloning- a member of a population of genetically
identical cells produced from a single cell
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40. What does biodiversity mean?
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40. What does biodiversity mean? Biodiversity-
the variation and frequency of organisms within a
given area
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41. How do alterations in a habit affect the
biodiversity?
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41. How do alterations in a habitat affect the
biodiversity? Normally decreases the diversity.
Human intervention, urbanization, habitat
fragmentation and destruction
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42. What are biotic and abiotic factors that
effect an environment?
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42. What are biotic and abiotic factors that
effect an environment?
Biotic- all the living things in an environment
(plant, animal, bacteria, etc.) Abiotic-
non-living factors including temperature,
precipitation (rainfall), soil type, etc.
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43. What are are the main trophic levels in a
food chain or web? (Draw and label a diagram)
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43. What are are the main trophic levels in a
food chain or web? (Draw and label a diagram)
Trophic level- individual level on food chain or
food web. Always starts with producer (autotroph)
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44. What is always forms the base of a food chain
or food web?
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44. What is always forms the base of a food chain
or food web?
Always a producer
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45. What are the four factors that affect a
population size?
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45. What are the four factors that affect a
population size? Birth rate Immigration Death
rate Emigration
INCREASES POPULATION SIZE
DECREASES POPULATION SIZE
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46. What is ecological succession and what is the
difference between primary and secondary
succession?
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46. What is ecological succession and what is the
difference between primary and secondary
succession? Series of events an environment goes
through to regrow after a disturbance
Primary- starts with bare rock Secondary- starts
with soil
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47. What are biogeochemical cycles?
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47. What are biogeochemical cycles? cycling of
nutrients (minerals and other chemicals) that
sustain life. Three main cycles Carbon
cycle- Nitrogen cycle- Water cycle- Phosphorus
cycle-
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48. What are the two main processes that
contribute to the oxygen and carbon cycles?
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48. What are the two main processes that
contribute to the oxygen and carbon
cycles? Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
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49. What is an energy pyramid and what percent of
energy is available to each succeeding trophic
level?
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49. What is an energy pyramid and what percent of
energy is available to each succeeding trophic
level? The movement of energy through an
ecosystem. Only 10 is available to each
succeeding step
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50. What is carrying capacity?
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50. What is carrying capacity? The maximum number
of individuals an ecosystem can support
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51. How does the burning of fossil fuels and
deforestation effect the environment?
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51. How does the burning of fossil fuels and
deforestation effect the environment? Burning
fossil fuels more CO2 (product of
combustion) Deforestation more CO2 (trees not
using CO2 for photosynthesis)
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52. Why are fungi and bacteria so important and
helpful in preventing the Earth from being
covered with dead organisms?
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52. Why are fungi and bacteria so important and
helpful in preventing the Earth from being
covered with dead organisms?
They are decomposers and return nutrients to the
environment
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53. What is natural selection and why does
natural selection act on phenotypes instead of
genotypes?
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53. What is natural selection and why does
natural selection act on phenotypes instead of
genotypes? Natural selection- process by which
certain heritable traitsthose that make it more
likely for an organism to survive and
successfully reproduce become more common in a
population over successive generations. It is a
key mechanism of evolution.
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• 54. Define the following terms
• Species-
• Population-
• Community-
• Biome-

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• 54. Define the following terms
• Species- individual type of organism
• Population- group of same species in area
• Community- groups of different population in
  given area
• Biome- geographical region containing several
  ecosystems that have same climate and dominant
  communities (climax communities)

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55. What type of traits might give an individual
a greater chance of surviving (fitness)?
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55. What type of traits might give an individual
a greater chance of surviving (fitness)? Those
that make an organism more successful at getting
food, mating, camouflage, etc
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56. What type of isolation might lead to the
development of a new species?
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56. What type of isolation might lead to the
development of a new species? Geographic
isolation- mountain ranges, rivers, oceans,
etc. Temporal isolation- timing of mating
season Behavioral isolation- different mating
rituals All three increase the chances that
isolated groups will grow increasingly different
and eventually form a distinct new species
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• 57. Define the following terms
• Behavioral selection-
• Disruptive selection-
• Stabilizing selection-
• Directional selection-

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• 57. Define the following terms
• Behavioral selection-
• Disruptive selection-
• Stabilizing selection-
• Directional selection-

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58. What is genetic drift and when might it
occur?
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58. What is genetic drift and when might it
occur? New population forms from small group of
founders that might have limited gene pool. May
form when small number of individuals populate
new island
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59. What is homeostasis?
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59. What is homeostasis? Maintaining constant and
stable internal conditions despite changes in the
outside environment.
Works like a thermostat controlling room
temperature
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60. How does a nerve impulse travel through the
nervous system (describe an electrochemical
impulse)
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60. How does a nerve impulse travel through the
nervous system (describe an electrochemical
impulse)
Part electrical and part chemical transmission of
signal.
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61. What is a synapse and how does the impulse
travel across the synapse?
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61. What is a synapse and how does the impulse
travel across the synapse?
Synapse- gap between two neurons. Signal is
carried by chemicals (neurotransmitters) across
the gap
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62. What is a reflex arc?
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62. What is a reflex arc?
Reflex arc- when nerve impulse does not travel
all the way to the brain first to respond to
stimuli. Can react faster
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63. When you experience the fight or flight
response, your adrenal glands secrete the hormone
adrenaline. What is the result of this?
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63. When you experience the fight or flight
response, your adrenal glands secrete the hormone
adrenaline. What is the result of this? You can
react faster. Increased heart and breathing
rate. Heightened senses
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64. What is a hormone?
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64. What is a hormone? A chemical signal that is
produced by endocrine glands. Include
testosterone, adrenaline, growth hormone, etc.
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65. What is your bodys first line of defense
against pathogens?
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65. What is your bodys first line of defense
against pathogens? sweat, skin, tears, mucus,
stomach acid
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66. How does the HIV virus reduce you ability to
fight off infections?
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66. How does the HIV virus reduce you ability to
fight off infections?
The HIV virus attacks your bodys immune system.
You are not able to fight off pathogens
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HIV targets the immune system HIV- Human
Immunodeficiency Virus Retrovirus (contains RNA)
that attacks and weakens the immune system
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Leads to opportunistic infections HIV is
transmitted by exchange of blood or other body
fluids  
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HIV reproduces in T-cells (cells that trigger
immune responses) HIV leads to AIDS (Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndrome)    
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67. How does your circulatory and respiratory
systems work together to maintain homeostasis?
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67. How does your circulatory and respiratory
systems work together to maintain homeostasis?
Respiratory system takes in oxygen and releases
carbon dioxide that it takes from you circulatory
system.
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68. What endocrine gland and hormone it produces
regulates metabolism?
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68. What endocrine gland and hormone it produces
regulates metabolism? Thyroid gland- The function
of the thyroid gland is to take iodine, found in
many foods, and convert it into thyroid hormones
thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Every
cell in the body depends upon thyroid hormones
for regulation of their metabolism
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69. What important function do your kidneys
perform to maintain homeostasis?
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69. What important function do your kidneys
perform to maintain homeostasis? Filter you blood
and maintain fluid levels in bloodstream (blood
pressure) and levels of salts, ph level, nitrogen
wastes, etc. Sends excess fluids to bladder to
rid from body
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70. How does a vaccine provide you with immunity?
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70. How does a vaccine provide you with
immunity? Vaccines artificially produce acquired
immunity 1. Vaccine- substance that contains
antigen of a pathogen 2. Causes immune system
to produce memory cells 3. You can make
antibodies right away if infected
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71. Where does chemical digestion of food begin?
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71. Where does chemical digestion of food
begin? In your mouth
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72. What type of pathogens do antibiotics work on
or not work on?
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72. What type of pathogens do antibiotics work on
or not work on? Bacteria or fungi, but NOT on
viruses
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73. What are your bodys non-specific defenses
against pathogens?
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73. What are your bodys non-specific defenses
against pathogens? Inflammatory response-
characterized by swelling, redness, pain,
itching, and increased warmth at affected
site Reacts to every pathogen the same way
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74. What are your bodys specific defenses
against pathogens?
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• 74. What are your bodys specific defenses
  against pathogens?
• Immune response is triggered when immune system
  detects a pathogen (2 types of immune response)
• Cell-mediated immunity- when lymphocytes (not
  antibodies) themselves defend the body.
• Humoral Immunity- also called antibody-mediated
  immunity
•  

Antigens- protein markers on surfaces of cells
and viruses that help immune system identify a
foreign cell or virus
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75. What is an antibody?
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75. What is an antibody? Antibodies- proteins
made by B-cells and destroy pathogens
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76. What is an antigen?
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76. What is an antigen? Antigens- protein markers
on surfaces of cells and viruses that help immune
system identify a foreign cell or virus
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77. What are the three types of neurons?
(Diagram and label the correct pathway)
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• 77. What are the three types of neurons?
  (Diagram and label the correct pathway)
• Sensory neurons- detect stimuli and transmit
  signals to brain and spinal cord
• Interneurons- make up brain and spinal cord and
  receive and process information
• Motor neurons-pass messages from nervous system
  to organs and muscles

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78. What is a feedback loop and how is it similar
to a thermostat in your house?
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78. What is a feedback loop and how is it similar
to a thermostat in your house? It operates by
doing the opposite (negative) of what it senses.
If senses it is to hot, it tries to cool down, to
cold, tries to warm up.
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79. How are the nervous system and endocrine
system similar? Different?
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79. How are the nervous system and endocrine
system similar? Different? Both regulate and
control you body Nervous system- fast acting and
hard wired Endocrine system- slower acting
chemical signals carried in your bloodstream
throughout the body. Control process that occur
over long periods of time (hair growth, aging,
sleep patterns, etc.)
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80. Why is a virus not considered a living thing?
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80. Why is a virus not considered a living
thing? It needs a host cell to reproduce (cannot
reproduce by itself)