Political Philosophy Plato

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Political PhilosophyPlato
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Common Good

• Plato believed that people were at their best
  when they acted in the common good or all in
  society.
• The goal of people should be virtuous.
• The quest of people should be to grow and attain
  a supreme morality.

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Common Good

• Argued material possessions provide a distraction
  from people achieving a higher state.
• When all the members of a society strive to
  become virtuous they will put the needs of others
  and society first.
• This will create a better society for the person
  to live in and will result in a happier life.

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• When people put themselves first it causes
  conflict within society.
• They compete and stop caring about the common
  good.
• This leads to the downfall of society.

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Who should Lead?

• Plato believed that society should be split into
  three classes.
• Philosopher Rulers, Guardians, and Producers
  (artisans)
• The quality of human life can be improved if
  people learn to be rational and understand that
  their real interests lie in harmonious
  cooperation with one another, and not in war or
  partisan strife.

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Who Should Lead

• Philosopher rulers should be the leaders of
  society.
• Normal people are corrupt and self serving and
  only better themselves to gain more power.
• Philosophers get power from searching for the
  truth and bettering themselves morally and
  educationally.
• Riches do not matter to them.

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• They would be identified in schools and removed
  from their families.
• Would not have families or Land as these would
  cause them to care more about personal issues
  rather than the state.
• Philosophers enjoy respect and leisure.

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Guardian Class

• This group is the protectors of the state.
• They enjoy the physical aspects of life.
• Get honour and worth from protecting the city and
  other military honours.
• They have little interest in leisure or wealth,
  they want status and reputation.

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• Producers are artists, business people.
• They enjoy wealth and producing goods.
• They have families, and possessions but have no
  desire to rule or attain honour or knowledge
  unless it benefits their business.

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• The three groups work for the mutually benefit of
  each other in harmony.
• Each class is working in the things they are best
  at.
• All interests will be served.
• Society is organized for the common good.

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Aristotle

• 364-362 BCE
• Student of Platos Academy
• Agreed with Platos theory that the most just
  rulers rule for the common good of all.
• Sent his students all over the world to discover
  the types of governments used.

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Aristotle

• Defined three categories of governments
• Rule by the one, Rule by the few, Rule by the
  many.
• Correct regimes rule for the benefit of all,
  corrupt regimes rule for the benefit of
  themselves.

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• Deviations of the correct regimes.
• Correct regimes are Monarchy (ruled by the one),
  Aristocracy (rule by the few), Polity (rule by
  the many).
• Corrupt are Tyranny (rule by one), Oligarchy
  (rule by the few), Democracy (rule by the many).

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Why Democracy was Corrupt

• Aristotle also ranked the regime
• Monarchy was the best, Aristocracy, Polity,
  Democracy, Oligarchy, Tyranny (the worst)
• During this time women, slaves, and Manual
  labourers were not considered citizens.

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Why Democracy was Corrupt

• They existed for the common good of the citizens
  so they could have a privileged life.
• In places with democracy there are two groups
• The few rich and the many poor.
• These two groups are always in conflict.

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Why Democracy was Corrupt

• Because of this conflict people who are not
  virtuous are free to take power.
• There are more people in Platos producer class
  and therefore they will get more votes.
• The producers will always outnumber the most
  virtuous groups.

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Machiavelli

• Author of The Prince
• First to separate politics and ethics
• Believed good politics is politics that succeeds.
• Good or bad does not matter as long as you win.

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Machiavelli

• He argued that it didnt matter if a ruler was
  ethical or good as long as the people believed he
  was good.
• Leaders should wear a mask and create an image to
  convince or fool the public.
• They should do whatever it takes to gain power
  including lie.

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Machiavelli

• Machiavelli stated that it would be best to be
  both loved and feared. But since the two rarely
  come together, anyone compelled to choose will
  find greater security in being feared than in
  being loved.

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Divisions of Government

• Modern Governments consist of three branches of
  government.
• Executive
• Legislative
• Judicial

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Executive

• Executive is composed of elected individuals and
  chosen by the Leader to act as their advisors.
• In Canada this would be the PM and all of the
  Ministers i.e minister of Education, Health,
  Defence etc.

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Legislative

• Voted into power during elections and usually
  belong to a political Party.
• This branch makes and approves laws and bills.
• In democracies they approve actions created by
  the leader of the executive.
• These are the Members of Parliament in Canada.

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Judicial Branch

• Composed of Courts
• Usually appointed by executive
• Ensures the constitution is followed
• This includes Charter of Rights and Freedoms
  cases.

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Types of Government Authority

• Traditional Leaders are chosen by hereditary.
  Family usually associated with being divine.
• Usually Monarchy

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Legal Authority

• Governments are also formed but have to abide by
  rules or a constitution.
• They must follow previously established rules
  such as term lengths, elections.
• The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
  limits government powers.
• Agreement between the Government and the people.

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Autocratic Authority

• This is a government achieved by the use of
  force.
• Ideological or religious beliefs form the basis
  of support.
• Usually have to be supported through military and
  the elite.
• Laws are imposed from above.

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Autocratic Authority
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Political Leadership and Change

• There are many ways leadership changes in
  society.
• Elections
• Hereditary and Designated Succession
• Coups dEtat

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Elections

• Most orderly way of having leadership change.
• Most modern systems have one person one vote.
• Uses the party system
• Everyone that is a citizen may run for office

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Fraud in Elections

• Throughout history there have been limits to true
  democracy.
• Literacy tests used as a way to keep African
  Americans from voting. (it was illegal for them
  to be taught to read)
• Women were not given the vote in Can until 1919.
• Threats at the polls

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• 2000 U.S Elections between Gore and G W Bush so
  close
• had to be determined by the supreme court
• Came down to state of Florida where Bushs
  Brother was governor.
• Led to many protests

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Hereditary and Designated Succession

• Used in Monarchical Systems tradition or cultural
  rule determines next leader.
• Rulers are believed to be gods or chosen by god
• Leadership usually given to oldest son.

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Hereditary and Designated Succession

• Autocratic authority governments designate
  successors
• Fidel Castro handed over power of his country to
  his brother Raul
• Kim Il Sung gave power to his son Kim Jong-Il.
  North Korea had to mourn the fathers death for
  three years.

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Coup DEtat

• Means blow against the state
• Overthrows an existing government to establish an
  autocratic government
• Usually involves violence.

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Coup DEtat

• Takes place quickly supported by a military.
• Fidel Castro and Che Guevara in Cuba.

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Political and Social Ideologies
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• Political Ideology is an organised collection of
  ideas and values that describes a political
  system, movement or way of thinking.
• Political Spectrum An imaginary scale that places
  your opinions in regards to Left wing, Center,
  Right wing.

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Political Spectrum
Communism
NDP
Capitalism
Conservatism
Liberal
Right Wing
Left Wing
Centrist
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• Social Spectrum aims to measure human rights
  and other societal issues.
• Scale goes from Libertarianism to
  Authoritarianism.
• Libertarianism belief in total individual
  freedom without rules.
• Authoritarianism belief that individuals have a
  duty to follow established rules.

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Conservatism

• Believe that traditional values are the building
  blocks of society.
• Traditional institutions hold society together
  and puts people in orderly roles.
• Traditional family - Religion
• Role of women - Immigration
• Crime - Social issues

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• Traditional family Same sex marriage
• Role of Women were against women working as
  threat to family
• Religion abortion, euthanasia laws

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• Immigration other cultures moving to Canada
  threaten the stability of society
• Others should assimilate to our culture.
• Criminals should be punished severely

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Social Responsibility

• Conservative stresses individual responsibility
• govt should act as a police officer but not a
  babysitter.
• If adults make bad decisions they should look to
  themselves not govt for help

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• No govt intervention
• Govt should stay out of the economy and peoples
  lives.
• Oppose social programs like welfare, EI, taxes,
  govt health care, govt schooling.

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• What issues would challenge these traditional
  values and what would be the conservative
  response?
• Traditional family - Religion
• Role of women - Immigration
• Crime - Social issues (poverty, etc)

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Liberalism

• Evolution of Liberalism

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Classic Liberalism

• Developed in Europe in the 18th century
• Encouraged analysis of traditional ideas and
  structures, institutions.
• Church, authority, Police powers etc.
• Distrust of state power ( rulers, monachs chosen
  by God)

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Classic LiberalismGovt involvement

• Least government involvement in society.
• Based on individual freedoms
• Government should not be involved in the lives of
  people
• Few laws, limited police powers
• No economic involvement.

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Evolution of LiberalismUtilitarianism

• Utilitarianism created by John Stuart Mills and
  Jeremy Bentham.
• Ethics - A good or ethical action is measured by
  the amount of people it helps.
• Governments can be involved as long as its
  actions help more people than it hurts.

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Evolution of LiberalismModern Liberalism

• Modern Liberalism is a combination of Classic and
  Utilitarianism
• Emphasizes individual rights
• freedom of choice and dignity of people
• Freedom of individual expression

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Modern Liberalism

• Liberals view people as essentially good
• Strict rules are unnecessary as people will learn
  from their mistakes
• Supports new ideas, especially those that promote
  equality.
• Ex. Support Same Sex marriage because it promotes
  equality.

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Modern Liberalism

• Government should provide opportunities for
  women, minority groups, poor.
• Believe human history as the development of
  progressive reforms such as the abolishment of
  slavery, equal rights for women.

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Types of Government
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Democracy Direct Democracy

• Direct Democracy first practiced in Athens.
• Native-born Free Men over 18 involved in
  decisions
• Thousands would gather in a forum and discuss
  issues.
• At the end of discussions a vote happened,
  majority ruled.

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DemocracyRepresentative Democracy

• Decisions affecting the public are made by
  elected representatives.
• Elections are usually mandated every so many
  years.
• Allows many people to have their say without
  being present.

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Democracy Representative Democracy

• Two forms are the Constitutional Monarchy and the
  Republic.
• Constitutional Monarchy usually has a hereditary
  ceremonial head of state.
• Elected officials run the government according to
  the constitution.
• Britain, Canada, Netherlands

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DemocracyRepresentative Democracy

• In republics the people elect the head of state.
• The head of state and the head of government
  might be the same person as in the U.S.
• Or two separate groups. France has a head of
  state President and a head of government Prime
  Minister.

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Democracy3 stages

• Partial democracies have some elements of
  Democracy.
• Emerging Democracy are trying to become Full
  democracy.
• Full Democracy has a constitution that guarantees
  equality of rights and freedoms.

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Indicators of Full Democracy1

• Ensures majority rule while protecting minority
  rights.
• Agree to govern by the constitution or Charter.
• For example Language rights of French Canadians
  are guaranteed. U.S Civil Rights Act, Voters
  Rights Act.

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Indicators of Full Democracy2

• Full Democracies ensure the Rule of Law.
• This means that no one is above the Law and the
  law is applied equally.
• Applies to government officials as well.

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Indicators of Full Democracy3

• Ensures a choice of parties
• Recognizes free and fair elections and responds
  to wishes of electorate.
• Citizens may join or form their own parties or
  can join interest groups

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Indicators of Full Democracy4

• Independent Judiciary acts as a check to the
  power of government.
• Can test laws passed by the government and
  declare it unconstitutional.
• The Canadian Supreme Court practiced this when
  government made abortions illegal. (R.v.
  Morgentaler)
• 2003 Halpern v. Attourney General granted full
  marriage rights to all Canadians

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Indicators of Full Democracy5

• Government has full control over its military and
  police.
• U.S. President had to relieve General Macarthur
  of his duties in Korea for threatening China.
• Ipperwash 1995 Ontario Police officer shot and
  killed Dudley George during a peaceful protest
  and was found guilty of negligence.

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Indicators of Full Democracy6

• Full Democracies are open to change from its
  citizens.
• Divorce, Lesbian and Gay rights, abortion laws
  are all advancements made in the late 20th
  century.

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Indicators of Full Democracy7

• Full Democracies allow for freedom of information
  and freedom of the press, expression and
  religion.
• Laws for access to government documents.
• Freedom of the press to ask questions without
  fear of arrest.
• Freedom of expression allows.

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Limits to Full Democracy

• Money traditionally mostly rich and educated
  vote and be elected. Poor and uneducated tend
  not to vote.
• In the U.S donations are unregulated, last
  campaign cost Obama 234 million.
• In Canada we have regulations where a corporation
  may only donate 1000.

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Limits to Full Democracy

• 2. Lobby and Interest groups
• This groups promise large donations and support
  in exchange for favours once in office.
• Examples good be oil companies not having to
  increase safety or environmental protections.
  Lower taxes.

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Limits to Democracy

• Electoral systems
• In many countries people do not vote. Only 59
  in last Canadian election. 41 of the people are
  not heard.
• Leaders can form government without the majority
  of support.
• This means more people disagree with the leader
  than agree.

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Limits to Democracy

• 4. Inability to protect minority groups.
• With majority rule minority rights may be
  overlooked or ignored.
• If the majority supports discrimination then
  those practices may be allowed.
• Ex. 1942 Canada interned 22,000 Japanese
  Canadians

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• 5. Democratic Rights Fail in Emergencies.
• Anti Terrorism Act, Public safety act, Patriot
  act are all believed to limit rights after 9/11.
• Germany after the Reichstag burning.

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DictatorshipsLeft
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Dictatorship

• Form of government in which one person or small
  group holds absolute power.
• Not held accountable to their citizens.
• Originated in Rome and was only to be used in
  Emergency situations for 6 months.
• In 44 BCE Caesar removed the 6 month limit and
  all limits to his power.

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• In 20th century left wing dictatorships arose in
  USSR, Peoples republic of China, Cuba, Vietnam,
  Cambodia.
• Right Wing dictatorships arose in Italy, Germany,
  Spain, Argentina and South Korea.

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Peoples Republic of China

• 1927 after the Manchu Dynasty collapsed China
  fell into a civil war.
• U.S supported Kuomintang party fought against the
  Chinese Communist party led by Mao Zedong.
• Conflict paused during WW2 as China is invaded
  by Japan.

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• After the war the conflict resumes.
• Communist seize control
• Kuomintang goes to Taiwan while claiming to still
  rule China.
• US supports this claim and refused to acknowledge
  Mao.

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Maoism

• Mao redistributed land to all the poor peasants.
• All agricultural and industrial production was
  nationalised, owned by the country.
• Started the Great Leap Forward Program which
  merged all land and families into Communes.

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• When Production failed and people began to starve
  Mao encouraged his citizens to let a hundred
  flowers (ideas) bloom and come up with
  solutions.
• The flowers turned out to be forcing Mao to step
  down.
• Mao jailed executed and banished these people to
  labour camps.

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• Mao became a cult like figure. Sent a Red Book
  of his famous quotes to millions in Society
  including schools.
• Mao recruited millions of students and formed the
  Red Guard.
• They would look for opposition and kill, beat or
  imprison them.

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• Politics is war without bloodshed, while war is
  politics with bloodshed
• Mao dies in 1976
• Deng Xiaoping becomes leader.
• Focuses on modernizing economy allows market
  economy along side communism.

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DengOne Family, One Child Policy

• Freedoms still limited under Deng.
• Families could only have one child to limit
  population and number of people to feed.
• If you obeyed you got better housing and
  salaries, defiance meant you loss your job.
• Females did not get paid a wage for work.
• Led to infanticide of female babies since they
  were liabilities. (made no money)

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Deng

• Political dissent was tolerated until 1989 when
  the government crushed a student uprising wanting
  democracy.
• Led to the killing of hundreds at Tiananmen
  Square.
• This eventually led to free elections however the
  communist party still holds the majority of
  seats.
• .

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Limits to Freedoms

• No school, factory, mayor can make a decision
  without party permission
• No freedom of the Press.
• Internet is limited to mostly Chinese sites.
• Search engines (google) limit sites available to
  people.

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DictatorshipsLeft
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Dictatorship

• Form of government in which one person or small
  group holds absolute power.
• Not held accountable to their citizens.
• Originated in Rome and was only to be used in
  Emergency situations for 6 months.
• In 44 BCE Caesar removed the 6 month limit and
  all limits to his power.

85

• In 20th century left wing dictatorships arose in
  USSR, Peoples republic of China, Cuba, Vietnam,
  Cambodia.
• Right Wing dictatorships arose in Italy, Germany,
  Spain, Argentina and South Korea.

86
Peoples Republic of China

• 1927 after the Manchu Dynasty collapsed China
  fell into a civil war.
• U.S supported Kuomintang party fought against the
  Chinese Communist party led by Mao Zedong.
• Conflict paused during WW2 as China is invaded
  by Japan.

87

• After the war the conflict resumes.
• Communist seize control
• Kuomintang goes to Taiwan while claiming to still
  rule China.
• US supports this claim and refused to acknowledge
  Mao.

88
Maoism

• Mao redistributed land to all the poor peasants.
• All agricultural and industrial production was
  nationalised, owned by the country.
• Started the Great Leap Forward Program which
  merged all land and families into Communes.

89

• When Production failed and people began to starve
  Mao encouraged his citizens to let a hundred
  flowers (ideas) bloom and come up with
  solutions.
• The flowers turned out to be forcing Mao to step
  down.
• Mao jailed executed and banished these people to
  labour camps.

90

• Mao became a cult like figure. Sent a Red Book
  of his famous quotes to millions in Society
  including schools.
• Mao recruited millions of students and formed the
  Red Guard.
• They would look for opposition and kill, beat or
  imprison them.

91

• Politics is war without bloodshed, while war is
  politics with bloodshed
• Mao dies in 1976
• Deng Xiaoping becomes leader.
• Focuses on modernizing economy allows market
  economy along side communism.

92
DengOne Family, One Child Policy

• Freedoms still limited under Deng.
• Families could only have one child to limit
  population and number of people to feed.
• If you obeyed you got better housing and
  salaries, defiance meant you loss your job.
• Females did not get paid a wage for work.
• Led to infanticide of female babies since they
  were liabilities. (made no money)

93
Deng

• Political dissent was tolerated until 1989 when
  the government crushed a student uprising wanting
  democracy.
• Led to the killing of hundreds at Tiananmen
  Square.
• This eventually led to free elections however the
  communist party still holds the majority of
  seats.
• .

94
Limits to Freedoms

• No school, factory, mayor can make a decision
  without party permision
• No freedom of the Press.
• Internet is limited to mostly Chinese sites.
• Search engines (google) limit sites available to
  people.

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Cambodia

• The golden age of Khmer civilization lasted from
  9th to 13th centuries.
• It was called the kingdom Kambuja or Cambodia.
• Constantly under attack by its neighbours,
  Thailand, and Vietnam.

96

• 1854 Monarchy asked France to help defend it.
• Country cam under French control which lasted
  nearly a century.
• Cambodia gained independence from France in 1953.

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• Allowed democratic elections.
• Sihanouk takes power.
• Popular with Buddhist monks and rural population.
• During the cold war tried to stay neutral between
  the US and USSR.

98

• He allowed the Communist Vietcong to use his land
  to help supplies come from China.
• He accepted US aid.
• 1965 during Vietnam war US kill Cambodians while
  chasing the Vietcong.
• Cambodia end relationship with U.S.

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• U.S then Supports a coup and the Sihanouk
  government falls.
• A capitalist pro U.S government is installed.
• U.S begins bombing Cambodia in search of
  Communist Vietcong fleeing Vietnam.

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• People revolt against U.S installed government.
• They sympathize with the Communist party and
  install the Khmer Rouge led by Pol Pot.
• To implement communism he began persecuting any
  opposition and taking all private possessions.

101

• Many groups threatened to take power from Pol Pot
  which led to brutal atrocities.
• Creates enemies of his state which are executed,
  or worked and starved to death in forced labour
  camps.

102
Classification of Enemies

• Anyone with connections to former governments.
• Professionals and intellectuals
• Anyone with glasses since it might mean they
  could read and therefore educated.
• Other ethnicities
• Economic saboteurs who were not working hard
  enough.

103
Rural Utopia

• Pol Pot forced all residents out of cities as he
  believed this is how revolts are organized.
• Wanted everyone in rural areas to be farmers and
  peasants.
• It would get rid of all classes in society.

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Results of Pol Pot

• In four years 2 million people killed by the
  Khmer Rouge.
• Used a school in the capital Phnom Phen to house
  1500 people at a time and eventually executing
  them.

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End of Pol Pot

• Pol Pot regime collapsed after Vietnam invaded in
  1979,
• US helped Pol Pot fight the Vietnamese.
• 1989 vietnam withdraws from Cambodia and the
  United Nations installed a government free of
  Khmer Rouge influence.
• 1998 Pol Pot dies.

106
Oligarchy
107
Oligarchy

• Plato stated that rule by the few could be
  achieved through two systems.
• Aristocracy and Oligarchy
• In Aristocracy the few rule for the common good
  of all.
• In Oligarchy power is used by a wealthy minority
  to oppress a majority of the population.

108
South African Apartheid

• South Africa is rich in resources including
  diamonds and gold.
• Throughout history the Dutch and British
  oppressed the native populations and forced them
  in to slave labour in mines.
• This led to a group of white dutch settlers
  called Afrikaners in South Africa and made up 15
  of population.

109

• In 1948 the Afrikaner led government implemented
  Apartheid.
• This was designed to separate the 85 Africans
  and 15 Afrikaners.
• The Afrikaners are classified as a Oligarchy.

110

• African mobility, occupations, and social lives
  were tightly restricted
• Sex and marriage between races forbidden.
• Blacks were moved to reservations.
• 85 all lived off 5 of the land.
• Land given was not farmable.

111

• The idea of the reserve system came from Canada.
• In 1960 the African National Congress party is
  banned after a peaceful protest led to 180
  members being killed in Sharpeville.
• Nelson Mandela was a leading member in the party
  and is sentenced to life in prison.

112
Oligarchy
113
Oligarchy

• Plato stated that rule by the few could be
  achieved through two systems.
• Aristocracy and Oligarchy
• In Aristocracy the few rule for the common good
  of all.
• In Oligarchy power is used by a wealthy minority
  to oppress a majority of the population.

114
South African Apartheid

• South Africa is rich in resources including
  diamonds and gold.
• Throughout history the Dutch and British
  oppressed the native populations and forced them
  in to slave labour in mines.
• This led to a group of white dutch settlers
  called Afrikaners in South Africa and made up 15
  of population.

115

• In 1948 the Afrikaner led government implemented
  Apartheid.
• This was designed to separate the 85 Africans
  and 15 Afrikaners.
• The Afrikaners are classified as a Oligarchy.

116

• African mobility, occupations, and social lives
  were tightly restricted
• Sex and marriage between races forbidden.
• Blacks were moved to reservations.
• Land given was not farmable, rural areas where
  people were forced to hunt and gather.
• Whites took control of all major urban areas

117

• The idea of the reserve system came from Canada.
• In 1960 the African National Congress party is
  banned after a peaceful protest led to 180
  members killed in Sharpeville.
• Nelson Mandela was a leading member in the party
  and is sentenced to life in prison.

118

• World found out about apartheid in the 70s
• United Nations condemned the policy.
• Countries (except for US and Britain) refused to
  trade with South Africa.
• Government began to collapse and president De
  Clerk rewrote constitution to allow one person
  one vote system open to Africans and whites.

119

• 1990 De Clerk orders Mandela released.
• The African National Congress was made legal
  again.
• Nelson Mandela was the first democratically
  elected president of South Africa 1994.
• South Africa transformed from Oligarchy to
  democracy.

120
International Humanitarian Law

• Geneva Conventions

121
Geneva Conventions

• Made up of 4 treaties and 3 additional protocols.
• Ratified by 194 countries
• Aim is to set a standard for treatment of victims
  of war.

122

• Defines rights of those captured during the war.
• Establishing protections for the wounded
• Addresses protections for the civilians in and
  around a war zone.

123

• Henri Dunant wrote a book (Memoir of Solferino)
  in which he proposed a permanent relief agency
  for humanitarian aid in times of war
• A government treaty recognizing the neutrality of
  the agency and allowing it to provide aid in war
  zones.

124

• This led to the Red Cross and the Geneva
  Conventions.
• Dunant became the first recipient of the Nobel
  Peace Prize.

125
Basic Rules

• Attacks must be limited to combatants and
  military targets
• 1.1 Civilians may not be attacked
• 1.2 Civilian objects (houses, hospitals, schools,
  places of worship
• 1.3 Using civilians to shield military targets is
  prohibited

126

• 1.4 prohibited for combatants to pose as
  civilians
• 1.5 Starvation of civilians as a method of combat
  is prohibited
• 1.6 illegal to attack objects that are important
  to survival (farms, drinking water
• 1.7 illegal to attack dams, dykes, nuclear power
  plants

127
Weapons

• 2. Attacks or weapons which indiscriminately
  strike civilian and military objects and persons,
  and which cause excessive injury or suffering are
  illegal
• 2.1 chemical and bio weapons, blinding laser
  weapons, weapons that injure the body by
  fragments, poison, anti personnel land mines.

128
Victims of War

• 3 Civilians, wounded combatants, and prisoners
  should be spared, protected and treated humanely.
• 3.1 no one shall be subjected to physical or
  mental torture or cruel or degrading treatment
• 3.2 sexual violence illegal
• 3.3 prisoners are entitled to respect and must be
  treated humanely

129

• 3.6 taking hostages is illegal
• 3.7 Prohibited to kill or wound an enemy who has
  surrendered
• 3.10 Illegal to recruit children below the age of
  15 for any type of military service.
• 3.11 everyone is entitled to a fair trial

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• 4. Military and civilian medical personnel and
  facilities must be respected and protected
• 4.1 illegal to attack any person vehicle or
  building that wears the red cross red crescent
  symbol
• 4.2 No priority is given when treating wounded
  people except on medical grounds.

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Nationalism
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Nationalism

• Nation a political community of people that
  shares an identity.
• May be based on ethnicity (race, language,
  culture, history, religion)
• Anthems
• Institutions (Health care, Military)
• Symbols (flags, images)
• Athletics, hobbies, pastimes ( hockey, olympics)

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State

• State geographical territory containing a
  population led by a government.
• European concept.
• Most states are decided on by nationalism.

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• Sovereignty is the right to exercise force in a
  territory and to control it by a government.
• Canadian Artic Sovereignty
• Free trade agreements.
• United Nations
• IHL laws
• All these challenge the idea of sovereignty.

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Conflicts

• Nations exist within or without a state.
• Canada has a French and Aboriginal nation.
• Palestinians were forced to give up their land so
  that Israel could have a state for their nation.

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Two Ideologies of State Formation

• Civic Nationalism state is home to all people
  who believe in what the state stands for
  politically and morally.
• Ethnic Nationalism Culture was the most
  important factor to defining a state. Language
  was the imperative part of culture historically.

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Quote

• Patriotism is when love of your country comes
  first, Nationalism, when hate for people other
  than your own comes first. - - French President
  Charles de Gaulle

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Internationalism

• States do not exist in isolation
• Internationalism promotes economic and political
  cooperation.
• cooperation among states, not nationalistic self
  interest, will help further Platos common good.

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Quote

• it is impossible for one to be
  Internationalistic without being a nationalistIt
  is not nationalism that is evil, it is the
  narrowness, selfishness, exclusiveness which is
  the bane of modern nations which is evil.-
  Mahatma Gandhi

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Rwanda
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Some Info

• Population 7,810,056Capital KigaliGovernment
  type RepublicPresident Paul KagameEthnicity
  85 Hutu, 14 TutsiMajor languages Kinyarwanda,
  English and French are official languages.
  Swahili is also used.Major religions Catholic
  (56.5), Protestant (26), Adventist (11.1),
  Muslim (4.6)

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Some Info

• Life expectancy 39.33 yearsMedian age 18.1
  yearsNatural resources Gold, tin ore, tungsten
  ore, methaneCanadian imports from Coffee
  (700,000)Canadian exports to Electrical
  machinery (800,000 and worn clothing 100,000)

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History

• First colonized by Germany in 1890.
• Germany forced to give it over to Belgium in
  Treaty of Versailles in 1919.
• Natives made up of two ethnic groups, Tutsi and
  Hutu who lived together for 600 years.

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Hutu Tutsi

• Both groups spoke the same language, shared the
  same religion, and traded resources.
• Both followed the Belgian chosen leader and
  thought he was godlike.
• Intermarriages were common between the two.

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Differences Hutu Tutsi

• Physically the Tutsi were lighter skinned,
  thinner and taller than Hutus
• Hutus were shorter and stocky, darker skinned.
• Tutsi were cattle herders, Hutu were famers.
• 85 of people were Hutu, 15 Tutsi
• Large Hutu Majority.

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Belgium Influence

• Belgium orders the citizens to carry identity
  cards stating who was Tutsi and Hutu.
• Belgium viewed the Tutsi as ethnically superior
  because they had lighter skin, were taller.
• Tutsi were richer since they had cattle.
• Gave privileged jobs and government positions to
  Tutsi.
• This angered Hutus as they were the majority

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Conflict

• In 1959 Rwandan Tutsi king dies and Belgium
  installs another Tutsi king.
• This angered Hutus and a violent revolution
  resulted.
• Rwanda holds an referendum and vote for
  independence from Belgium.

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Hutu Power

• 1962 First Hutu, Gregoire Kayibanda, elected to
  power.
• Throughout the 60s and 70s Hutus kill and
  persecute Tutsi and remove them from powerful
  jobs.
• 2 million Tutsi fled to Uganda, Congo, Tanzania.

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150

• In 1973 military coup installs Hutu General
  Habyarimana
• He changes constitution that states Tutsi can
  only fill 9 of government positions.
• Tutsis in Rwanda and all neighboring countries
  from the Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF) to fight
  for Tutsi rights.

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• 1990 RPF in all countries invade Rwanda.
• France and Zaire send troops to stop the invasion
  and force a cease fire in 1991.
• Hutu Government declares Tutsis as enemy of the
  state.
• United Nations intervenes to make sure the cease
  fire is not broken.
• Mission is called United Nations Assistance
  Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR).

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UNAMIR

• 2500 troops
• 370 from Canada
• 400 Belgium
• 800 Ghana
• Canadian Lieutenant General Romeo Dallaire is put
  in charge of the mission to support Arusha
  Accords cease fire.

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Ethnic Division

• President Habyarimana takes this event to create
  a Tutsi enemy threat.
• Gave him more support in the country.
• Organized massacres of Tutsi and opposition
  groups.
• Formed a youth militia called the Interahamwe
  (those that attack together).

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• Interehamwe recruiters offered them food, drugs,
  freedom to rape, cash.
• Encouraged them to take Tutsi possessions.

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Hutu Power Radio

• Habyarimana also started the radio station RTLM
  also known as Hutu Power.
• Used to spread hatred and blame the Tutsi for all
  problems.
• Called them Inyenzi or cockroaches
• Also spread hate against UNAMIR and Belgium.
• In Burundi, Tutsis murdered the Hutu president
  making the Rwandans more frightened.

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Hutu Power Radio

• Radio announces that Tutsi should exterminate
  their neighbours and take their land and
  possessions.
• False reports of the Tutsi attacking Hutu in
  rural parts of country led by the RPF.

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Civilian Civil Defense Force

• Habyarimana organizes another militia (Civilian
  Civil Defense Force) of ordinary citizens and
  gives them clubs and machetes.
• It is now believed that France supplied weapons
  and training for the Interahamwe and the Civilian
  force.

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Structure

• Habyarimana then kills all local leaders that
  does not support him and replaces them with his
  own Hutu leaders.
• Police chiefs, Mayors, government employees all
  support killing the Tutsi.
• They wait for the signal from the Hutu power
  radio station.

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Dallaires Cables

• Dallaire captures shipments of weapons from
  France (in violation of Arusha Accords) destined
  for Hutu Government.
• Meets with Interahamwe informant Jean Pierre
  who tells of weapons caches throughout Rwanda.
• Dallaire sends cable (communication) requesting
  permission to capture weapons and is denied.
  Forced to tell Habyarimana what he knows.
• Jean Pierre is never seen again

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Start

• April 6th 1994 President Habyarimana is killed
  when his plane is shot down.
• Colonel Bagosora takes charge and orders the
  military, Interahamwe, Civilian Civil Defense to
  begin extermination of the Tutsi for self
  defense.

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Strategies

• Organised to kill 1000 every 20 minutes
• Since Rwandans were forced to identify, Hutus
  knew where they lived.
• Went house to house killing families.
• Local officials order militias to create barriers
  on roads to prevent Tutsis from leaving.

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Strategies

• Force Tutsi to go to public buildings (churches,
  schools, govt buildings) where they are massacred
  in large scale.
• Women were raped in exchange for their life.

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Belgium Deaths

• Once the killings started, Romeo Dallaire sent 10
  Belgium peacekeepers to protect the Prime
  Minister Agathe uwilingiyimana
• She is killed
• Troops are captured, tortured and killed by the
  Tutsi.

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Evacuations

• France, Belgium, U.S send 2000 in troops and
  Military planes to evacuate its citizens in
  Rwanda, and leave.
• Belgium removed its troops after the deaths.
• Dallaire was left with 270 troops from Canada and
  Ghana.
• UN ordered Dallaire to leave, he denied the
  order.

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End of Genocide

• The genocide came to an end after the RPF invaded
  once again.
• Estimated 800,000 Tutsi and Hutu killed in 100
  days.
• RPF capture Kigali and form an interim government
  composed of Tutsi and Hutu.