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Splash Screen
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• By 1860 33 states
• US 4th most pop. nation in world (Russia, Fr.
  Austria)
• 43 cities had 20,000 people (NY, New Orleans,
  Chicago)
• Immigration was a key part of urban growth.
• Beginning in 1830 immigration soared,
  particularly in the North.
• Immigrants came largely from Ireland, Germany

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• Why did people come here?
• (1) Europe running out of room
• (2) for freedom opportunity
• (3) steamships gave faster travel
• Ireland
• -1840s rot in potato, 2 million starved
• -flocked to US cities (NYC largest Irish City)
• -low skills, but able to gain land pol.
  skills, little ed.
• -Americans not like the Irish

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• Germans
• -1830 1860 1½ million came to US
• -due to crop failures hope of democracy
• -added to US life by becoming farmers not into
  politics
• -intro. Ky rifle, Christmas tree, better ed.
  (kindergarten)
• -stimulated art music
• -hated slavery usually settled together

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• Anti-foreign groups
• -saw them as taking away jobs Americans
• -American Nativists Party
• urged strict restrictions on immigration
• Naturalization
• deportation of alien paupers
• -Not as many acts of violence as there could have
  been nor were many actually deported Why?
• -They helped to boost the econ. with their hands
  ideas

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• 1750 Industrialization Revolution started with
  textiles by using steam in Br.
• Why I.R. take so long to catch on in US?
• (1) good virgin soil (Am. Not willing to stay in
  factories)
• (2) not enough hands to work factories until
  immig. came
• (3) money for capital investment not available
• (4) raw materials not discovered
• (5) at 1st not enough consumers
• (6) long est. Br. Factories
• (7) Br. Held secrets of machinery

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• Industrialization Sweeps the North
• Important factors included
• -Spirit of free enterprise
• -swift-flowing streams used for waterpower for
  the factories.
• -money to invest in industry.

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• -War of 1812 helped to boost the need for Am.
  Factories
• Inventors
• Samuel Slater (Father of the Factory System in
  Am.)- memorized Br. Plans came to US put into
  place the 1st Am. spinning cotton thread machine
  in 1791
• Eli Whitney- cotton gin in 1793 helped to tie
  the South to King Cotton
• -dev. idea of interchangeable parts assembly
  line mass production

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• (3) Elias Howe- sewing machine (1846) but
  perfected by Isaac Singer handy during Civil War
• (4) Samuel Morse telegraph (1840) What hath
  God wrought?
• (5) Francis C. Lowell opened several textile
  mills in northeastern Massachusetts.
• Patents sold 1800 306 1860 28,000

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Section 1-6
A Revolution in Transportation
(cont.)
(1) In 1806 Congress funded the building of the
National Road, a major that started in
Cumberland, Maryland.

• -By 1838 - stretched to Vandalia, Illinois.
• -This was the largest federally funded highway.
• -turnpikes (toll roads) helped pay for these
  improvements

(pages 178179)
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Section 1-7
A Revolution in Transportation
(cont.)
(2) In 1807 - Robert Fulton developed the
steamboat
-Steamboats made river travel more reliable and
upstream travel possible. -This caused a growth
in river travel and canal building.
(pages 178179)
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• (3) railroads
• Fast, reliable, cheaper (1st in 1828)
• At 1st some resistance from canal builders due to
  dangers they posed
• 1st breaks were poor and arrivals departures
  late mileage wasnt properly figured
• By the 1850s consolidation of rail lines
  facilitated standardization.

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• Labor Problems
• -impersonal ownership -wages low
• -slums dev. -meals skimpy
• -workers not treated well -child labor
• -unsanitary conditions -long hrs
• Workers began to want improvements
• (fewer hours, work days)
• Employers rejected it due to loss of profits
• -eventually lead to dev of unions

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Section 1-24
The Continuing Importanceof Agriculture

• During the early 1800s, agriculture was the
  countrys leading economic activity.

• Farming was more important in the South than in
  the North.
• What was Souths economic base?

(pages 182183)
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Section 1-27

• A class structure developed in the South.

(1) The top class was the planters, or plantation
owners. (2) Yeoman farmers, or ordinary farmers
who usually worked the land themselves, made up
most of the white population of the South. (3)
slaves
(pages 182183)
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Section 1-30
Enslaved and FreeAfrican Americans

• The cotton gin made Southern planters rich, and
  it created a huge demand for slave labor.

• Between 1820 and 1850, the number of enslaved
  people in the South rose from about 1.5 million
  to nearly 3.2 million.

(pages 183185)
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Section 1-34

• Slave codes laws only for slaves
• State slave codes forbade enslaved persons
• from owning property
• from leaving their owners land without
  permission.

(3) They could not own firearms (4) testify in
court against a white person (5) They could not
learn to read or write.
(pages 183185)
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Section 1-37

• Many enslaved persons rebelled against their
  forced lifestyle.

• They held work slowdowns, broke tools, set fires,
  or ran away.
• Some killed their slaveholders.

(pages 183185)
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Section 1-38

• In 1831 Nat Turner led a slave revolt
• Turner and his followers killed more than 50
  white people before he was arrested and hung.

(pages 183185)
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Section 2-5
The Resurgence of Sectionalism

• The differences between N S was calm
• In 1819 Missouri applied for statehood as a slave
  state.

• The Union had 11 free states and 11 slave states.
  
• Admitting any new state, either slave or free,
  would upset the balance of political power in the
  Senate.

(pages 187189)
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Section 2-6

• Henry Clay proposed it.
• The Missouri Compromise called for admitting
  Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave
  state.
• -prohibited slavery in any territory above the
  36? 30 latitude (the southern border of
  Missouri)

(pages 187189)
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Section 2-13
New Political Movements

• In the early 1800s, many states eliminated
  property ownership asa qualification for voting.

-many more men gained the right to vote.
-universal manhood suffrage -it became a good
thing to be a common man -eventually leads to
Andrew Jackson elected President
(pages 189190)
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• -Jackson perfected the spoils system
• -providing govt jobs to those who supported you
  in the election
• -problem?
• (1) putting friends in office
• (2) seen as corrupt
• (3) those in office may not be qualified

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• NEW RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS
• Deism relied on reason rather than revelation,
  science than the Bible
• -rejected idea of original sin
• - did believe in a higher being

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• Unitarians believed God existed in only one
  form, not believed in the Trinity, but God was a
  loving father
• -stressed essential goodness of man
• -believed in free will
• -Possible salvation through good works
• -Not as severe as Puritanism appealed to
  intellectuals

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• The Second Great Awakening reaction to the
  liberal religions
• -Crusade to abolish slavery
• -Spread through camp meetings to save souls
• -Evangelism became the religion of the new middle
  class.

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• Methodist Baptist did the best
• Stressed personal conversion, emotionalism,
  democratic control of the church
• Preachers such as Charles G. Finney urged
  businessmen to convert and accept the
  self-discipline and individualism that religion
  brought.

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• Utah 1830 Joseph Smith
• -got message from angel became the Book of
  Mormons
• -Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
• -Ohio, Missouri, Ill. not want them in their
  states
• -1844 Smith was murdered, so Brigham Young
  took over moved the group to Utah

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Section 2-20
The Nullification Crisis

• In the early 1800s, South Carolinas economy was
  weakening, and many people blamed the nations
  tariffs.

• When Congress levied a new tariff in 1828
• called the Tariff of Abominations
• South Carolina threatened to secede, or withdraw,
  from the Union.

(pages 190191)
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Section 2-22
The Nullification Crisis (cont.)

• John C. Calhoun, the nations vice president

-nullification -argued that because states had
created the federal union, they had the right to
declare a federal law null, or not valid.
(pages 190191)
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Section 2-27
Other Domestic Matters
Slavery would remain a divisive issue but Jackson
focused attention on Native Americans. -President
Jackson supported the idea of moving all Native
Americans out of the way of white settlers.

• In 1830 he signed the Indian Removal Act,
• -which helped the states relocate Native
  Americans to uninhabited regions west of the
  Mississippi River.

(pages 191192)
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Section 3-28

• In Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831), Chief
  Justice Marshall supported the Cherokees right
  to control their land.
• In Worcester v. Georgia (1832), the Court again
  ordered state officials to honor the Native
  Americans property rights.
• President Jackson refused to support the
  decision.

(pages 191192)
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Section 3-29

• In 1838 President Martin Van Buren, sent in an
  army to force the remaining Cherokee in Georgia
  to move west to what is now Arkansas and
  Oklahoma.

• Thousands of Cherokee died on the journey that
  became known as the Trail of Tears.
• -To further calm things, the US and the NA tribes
  signed The Treaty of Fort Laramie
• in which the United States promised that defined
  territories would belong to the Native Americans
  forever.

(pages 191192)
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• Oregon Country
• -West of the Rockies to Pacific Ocean north of
  Calif to 54 40
• -4 nations at one time claimed area (US, Spain,
  Russia, Br)
• -US claimed land to the South due to Lewis
  Clark missionaries
• -eventually the 49th parallel is agreed upon
• -

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THE ISSUE OF TEXAS Texas given up by US 1819
in exchange for FL. -1823 Stephen Austin
arranged to have Americans move in as long as
they agreed to adopt the Mexican culture -When
the Americans refused, Mex. leader Santa Anna
took away all of their rights
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• -Texas then declared independence
• After a fight at the Alamo, things looked very
  bad for the Texans
• -Mex. finally withdrew gave up Tex. set Rio
  Grande River as the southern border
• -Mex. blamed US for helping Tex, but Jackson was
  in no hurry to make Tex. a state due to slavery
  issue

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• Texas, Again ltMexican Wargt
• -relationship with Mex. got worse (Mexican
  minister recalled)
• -boundary issue (Mex. claimed Nueces River, Texas
  claimed Rio Grande River)
• -Polk on Jan. 13, 1846 sent US troops Zachary
  Taylor to go to the Rio Grande River, expecting
  a fight
• -by April,1846, nothing happened

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• -but Polk asked for a declaration of war anyway
  because
• (1) unpaid debt,
• (2) refusal of John Siddell to be heard on the
  Calif. Issue
• -many were nervous about such flimsy reasons so
  wanted to wait until Mex. made the 1st move
• -May, 1846 Mex. troops crossed line attacked
• -did Polk provoke the war?

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• -Spot Resolution (Abe. Lincoln) wanted proof of
  where Mex. invaded (since area Mex. crossed into
  they thought they owned)
• -both sides felt the other was the aggressor
• -US was successful (John C. Fremont took Calif.
  Z. Taylor took Rio Grande Area

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• Nicholas Trist got Mex. to sign the Treaty of
  Guadalupe Hidalgo
• -set border at the Rio Grande River
• -US got Texas up to Calif. Oregon
• -US paid 15 million another 3,250,000 in
  claims against Mex.

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• Result of war
• -13,000 lives lost (mostly from disease)
• -US land size increased by 1/3
• -provided field experience for soldiers in prep.
  for Civil War
• -caused Latin Americans to look at US with
  suspicious concerned about Am. greed
• -Wilmot Proviso Congress would not allow any
  slave state to come out of the terr. of Mex.

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Chapter Summary 1
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M/C 2-1
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M/C 2-3
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M/C 3-1
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M/C 4-1
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M/C 4-3
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Daily Focus Skills Transparency 1
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Daily Focus Skills Transparency 2
Most rural and small-town men believed Jackson
would best represent their interests. He was a
hero, and he identified himself as a common man.
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Daily Focus Skills Transparency 3
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Daily Focus Skills Transparency 4
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