Emergent Nation

1
Emergent Nation

• 1790-1870

2
Emergent Nation

• Significant Social Events
• Opening of West, Homestead Act, Louisiana
  Purchase
• Add Florida, Texas, Oregon
• European Immigration
• Slavery-3/5 person
• Railroads, telegraph
• Bank of the US, national currency, post office
• Social movements, antislavery, child labor laws,
  compulsory schooling, temperance

3
Emergent Nation

• College Transformation
• National University-proposed in 1790
• 1785-Georgia, 1791-Vermont, 1795-University of
  North Carolina opens w/1 faculty member who was
  also the President
• 1811- Miami in Ohio
• 1821 1st Jewish institution founded fails
• 1875 - Hebrew Union College
• 1782-1802 19 existing colleges founded, 2X
  colleges founded during the previous 150 years
• 700 plus fail National University not
  established Cohen suggests 500 founded w/210-250
  operating after the Civil War

4
Emergent Nation

• Curriculum
• Science, war, enlightenment
• Columbia (Kings)- added economics, natural
  history, French
• Univ. of North Carolina added chemistry,
  agriculture, and English
• Union-added French US history, and constitution
  government
• West Point-founded in 1802 for the study of
  military sciences
• 1802 Rensselaer Polytechnic founded, 1st
  technical institution in US
• 1835 Addition of evening courses, branch
  campuses, 8 civil engineering graduates
• 1850 Mining, architecture
• 1865 MIT opens Harvard, Dartmouth, and Penn
  have schools of science

5
Emergent Nation

• Curriculum Continues
• Elective Struggle- permitting student choice in
  college studies curriculum too classical old
  studies v new studies
• Jefferson tried the elective curriculum at
  William and Mary and the Univ. of Va. Univ. of VA
  was divided into 8 schools, student could select
  school but course of study was set student
  completed course of study as quickly or slowly as
  able.
• - 8 schools consisted of ancient languages,
  modern languages, mathematics, natural
  philosophy, natural history, anatomy and
  medicine, moral philosophy, and law
• -Degrees awarded after a stiff exam and an
  earned Masters degree was introduced

6
Emergent Nation

• Curriculum Continues
• George Tichnor worked with Jefferson
• -Joined faculty at Harvard
• -Recommended Harvards New Rules (faculty
  organized into dept. of study) in 1825 driven in
  part by student unrest
• Yale Report of 1828
• Role of Yale in HE
• Jeremiah Day
• Discipline and furniture of the mind
• Expanding its powers and storing it with
  knowledge education is mental exercises to
  strengthen faculties of the mind. Done by the
  ancient subjects. What is known is known.

7
Emergent Nation

• Yale Report Cont.
• But why, it is asked, should all the students in
  a college be required to tread in the same
  steps?...to this we answer, that our prescribed
  course contains those subjects only which ought
  to be understoodby everyone who aims at a
  thorough education. They are not the
  peculiarities of any profession or art. These are
  to be learned in the professional and practical
  schools.As in our primary schools, reading,
  writing, and arithmetic are taught to all,
  however different their prospects so in a
  college all should be instructed in those
  branches of knowledge, of which no one destined
  to the higher walks of life ought to be ignorant.
  Our object is not to teach that which peculiar to
  any one of the professions but to lay the
  foundation which is common to them all.

8
Emergent Nation

• 1837- Ralph Waldo Emerson address at Harvard
  pleas for adapting educating to the individual
  rather than the individual to education
• We will walk on our own feet we will work with
  our own hands we will speak with our own minds.
• 1839-1846 Harvard experiments w/a parallel
  curriculum
• 1850 Pres Wayland at Brown every student might
  study what he chose, all that he chose, and
  nothing but what he chose.
• 1851 Tappan (student of Wayland) at Michigan
  established a parallel scientific course and a MA
  degree-requiring a thesis
• 1847 Harvards Lawrence Scientific School
• Reforms failed (Lack of funding, college not yet
  necessary, second rate)

9
Emergent Nation

• Harvard site of reform movements-Tichnor and
  others
• 1867-Latin Greek optional in junior and senior
  years
• 1869-1909 Eliot President at Harvard- Eliot
  significantly impacted HE
• 3 goals for undergraduate education
• 1. Freedom of choice in studies
• 2. Opportunity to win distinction in special
  lines of study
• 3. Student discipline main responsibility of
  student
• Believed that any subject, provided it is well
  taught and well studied, has equal place in
  curriculum
• Introduced idea of pre requisites 1870-classes
  listed by academic department not class year
• Reformed standards for secondary schools,
  accrediting associations, uniform exams for
  admission, elective curriculum, graduate
  education

10
Emergent Nation

• Dartmouth College case (1815-1819)
• Court viewed the college as a private
  institution and interpreted its charter as a
  contract binding on the state aw well as on the
  trustees a contract, the obligation of which
  cannot be impaired without violating the
  constitution of the United States.
• Question From the perspective of a legislator,
  if you cant control or influence an entity,
  should you use public monies to support it?
• Significance
• First HE case to Supreme Court
• Charter as contract
• Private property rights
• Education as public good

11
Emergent Nation

• Diversification ---women in HE
• YOU GO GIRL!!!!
• Abigail Adams to husband, 1776 If you complain
  of the neglect of the education in sons, what
  shall I say with regards to daughters, who every
  day experience the want of it.
• 1783 Yale examined Lucinda Foote, age 12 and
  found herfully qualified, except in regard to
  sex, to be received as a pupil of the freshman
  class.
• Social order in Europe
• Women during and after Revolutionary War
• Anne Hutchinson, Mass. Bay Colony, Puritan bible
  study
• 1749 - Seminaries for women
• 1821- Emma Willard Troy Female Seminary
• 1837 Mary Lyon Mount Holyoke Seminary

12
Emergent Nation

• Diversification ---women in HE Cont.
• 1836 Wesleyan Female College of Macon first
  degree
• 1837 Oberlin female dept.
• 1857 females speak at commencement
• 1850 Pricilla Mason, Philadelphia Academy
  They have denied women a liberal education and
  now if we should prove capable of speaking where
  we speak? The church, the bar, the senate are
  closed to us. Who shut them man, despotic man.
• Climate of the times
• 1851- Catherine Beecher Those female
  institutions in our land which are assuming the
  ambitious name of colleges have, not yet one of
  them, secured real features, which constitute the
  chief advantages of such institutions. They are
  merely high schools.

13
Great reforms that begin during the
period Elective curriculum and Eliot at
Harvard Dartmouth College Case and private
higher education Education of
women Christian women as teacher Absence of
men (moving west, going to sea) meant females
were in majority in some place, decreasing
marriage prospects. Wealthy women needed
distraction Writing and teaching as
options
14
Emergent Nation

• Normal Schools and Universal Education
• Normal schools
• French concept of universal education only
  through universal education could citizens be
  taught to effectively enjoy their rights and
  fulfill their responsibilities.
• Madison Knowledge will forever govern
  ignorance and a people who mean to be their own
  governors must arm themselves with the power
  which knowledge gains.
• Defining what it means to be American need for
  educated citizenry replaced need for educated
  clergy
• Leads to concept of common schools.
• 1865- NJ Legislature The common school is
  common, not as inferior, not as a school for the
  poor mans children, but as the light and air are
  common.

15
Opposition1829 Raleigh NC
Newspaper children should pass their days in
the cotton patch, or at the plow, on in the
cornfield, instead of being mewed up in a school
house where they learn nothing.I hope you do not
conceive it at all necessary that everybody
should be able to read and write and
cipherSchools demand teachers1860 Illinois
teachers paid 2 dollars per week1861 average
weekly salary for female teachers in rural areas
was 4.05 for men 6.30