Hardware

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Hardware

• CIS 551

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• IDENTIFY HARDWARE COMPONENTS
• DESCRIBE HOW DATA IS REPRESENTED
• CONTRAST MAINFRAMES, MINICOMPUTERS,
  SUPERCOMPUTERS, PCs, WORKSTATIONS

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• COMPARE ARRANGEMENTS OF COMPUTER PROCESSING
  CLIENT/SERVER, NETWORK
• DESCRIBE MEDIA FOR STORING DATA
• COMPARE INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES
• DESCRIBE MULTIMEDIA, TRENDS

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MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES

• WHAT IS A COMPUTER SYSTEM?
• CPU AND PRIMARY STORAGE
• COMPUTERS COMPUTER TECHNOLOGIES
• SECONDARY STORAGE
• INPUT OUTPUT DEVICES
• INFO TECHNOLOGY TRENDS

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The computer discussed here

• Not All computers
• An Electronic, Digital, Serial, All Purpose
  Machine
• (as distinct from non electronic, analog,
  parallel, or special purpose)

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Timeline
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The Turing Machine
A device that could determine the truth of
mathematical statements without human involvement
by following a deterministic sequence of
instructions.
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Von Neumann Architecture
Stored-program concept
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HOW CHARACTERS ARE STORED

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HOW CHARACTERS ARE STORED

• BIT Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/Not
• BYTE Group of bits for one character
• EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange
  Code (8 bits per byte)
• ASCII- American Standard Code for Information
  Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte)
• PARITY BIT extra bit added to each byte to help
  detect errors

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EXAMPLES OF BYTES
EBCDIC ASCII (assume
even-parity system)

• C 1100 0011 0 100 0011 1
• A 1100 0001 1 100 0001 0
• T 1110 0011 1 101 0100 1
• Note how sum for each byte is an EVEN
  number

The role of UNICODE
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Components of an I/S
Input
Computer
People
Data
Procedures
Output
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Main components
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Main components
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Components
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What does all this mean?

• Pentium IV 2 Giga
• Centrino?
• 32MB EDO ECC RAM
• 256KB pipeline burst cache
• 17, SVGA 1024x768 Monitor, 85hz
• 128Mb VRAM, 64bit video
• 24.0 GB EIDE Hard Drive (11ms seek, 16MB/s
  transfer)
• One 3.5 Diskette Drive
• 52x CD ROM drive
• PCI, USB ISA slots
• SoundBlaster, MPEG video
• 56k data/fax modem, v.34, MNP5
• WiFi, 802.11g Built-in 10/100 Ethernet
• Keyboard and mouse
• Windows XP

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Alphabet soup blues?

• Try using Whatis.com or FOLDOC, the Free Online
  Dictionary of Computing
• URLs available on our syllabus
• One easy to remember URL is http//www.nightflig
  ht.com/foldoc/
• Another useful address is http//www.whatis.
  com

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Major components (1/3)

• Microprocessor (and its support staff)
• Pentium IV 950MHz Processor with MMX
• 256Kb (pipeline burst) cache
• this is the Level 2 cache
• 32Mb (EDO) RAM
• PCI, USB ISA slots
• these slots are on the PCI and ISA buses,
  respectively
• MPEG video processor

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Processing the heart
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ADDRESSES IN MEMORY
Each location has an ADDRESS
Each location can hold one BYTE
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MEMORY SIZE

• KILOBYTE (KT) 210 bytes... 1024 bytes
• MEGABYTE (MB) 210 KB... million bytes
• GIGABYTE (GB) 210 MB... billion bytes
• TERABYTES (TB) 210 GB... trillion bytes

kilo- k or K 103 210 mega- M 106 220 giga- G
109 230 tera- T 1012 240
peta- P 1015 250 exa- E 1018 260 zetta- Z
1021 270 yotta- Y 1024 280
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TYPES OF MEMORY

• RAM Random Access Memory
• Dynamic Changes thru processing
• Static Remains constant (power on)
• ROM Read Only Memory (preprogrammed)
• PROM Program can be changed once
• EPROM Erasable thru ultraviolet light
• EEPROM Electrically erasable

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CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
CONTROL UNIT
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Try Intels museum

• Athttp//intel.com/education/mpuworks/intro.htm

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History of microprocessors

• Intel1971 - 40041974 - 80801982 - 802861989
  - 4861993 - Pentium1995 - Pentium Pro1999 -
  Celeron

• 2000 transistors
• 250,000 transistors
• 5 million transistors
• 10 million - billions of transistors

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ALU CONTROL UNIT

• ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT CPU component performs
  logic and arithmetic operations
• CONTROL UNIT CPU component controls, coordinates
  other parts of computer system

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INSTRUCTION EXECUTION CYCLE

• I-CYCLE
• 1. FETCH
• 2. DECODE
• 3. PLACE IN INSTRUCTION REGISTER
• 4. PLACE INTO ADDRESS REGISTER

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INSTRUCTION EXECUTION CYCLE

• E-CYCLE
• 5. SEND DATA FROM MAIN MEMORY TO STORAGE
  REGISTER
• 6. COMMAND ALU
• 7. ALU PERFORMS OPERATION
• 8. SEND RESULT TO ACCUMULATOR

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Instruction (Fetch Decode) and Execution Cycle
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Major components (2/3)

• Mass storage
• 24.0 GB (EIDE) hard drive(11ms seek, 16Mb/s
  transfer)
• 24x CD ROM
• One 3.5 Diskette Drive

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Major components (3/3)

• Input/output devices
• 17, SVGA 1024x768 Monitor, 85hz
• 64Mb VRAM, 64bit video
• Keyboard and mouse
• Communication devices
• Built-in 10/100 Ethernet
• 56k data/fax modem (v.34, MNP5)
• Operating system
• Windows XP

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Measures for SIZE and SPEED

• Kilo, Mega, Giga, Tera, Peta, exa, zetta, yotta
  1000x, 210x
• Milli-, micro-, pico-, nano-, femto- 1000-x
• Processor generation (486, Pentium, Pro, MMX)

• Mhz Megahertz millions of cycles per second
• MIPS Millions of instructions per second
• SPECint SPECfp
• bps, baud
• Refresh rates, seek times, bus width

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COMPUTER TIME
PER COMPARED
NAME LENGTH
SECOND TO 1 SECOND

• Millisecond .001 second thousand
  16min 40 sec
• Microsecond .001 millisecond million
  11.6 days
• Nanosecond .001microsecond billion
  31.7 years
• Picosecond .001 nanosecond trillion
  31,700 years

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Recommended Reading on Speed
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Selected components of a CPU computer
Processor
Control Unit
ExecU
Decoder
Registers
Processor Bus
EIDE hard disk
Bus Interface
Level 1 Cache
PCI controller
EIDE controller
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BUSES
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Moores Law

• Actually, more of an observation or prediction
• In the late 1960s, Gordon Moore (co-founder of
  Intel) predicted that the number of transistors
  that could be placed on a single chip would
  double every year
• Not quite right, more like every 18 months

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Moores Law (2)
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Hardware Generations

• First vacuum tube technology
• Second Transistors
• Third LSI
• Fourth VLSI
• Fifth (?, parallel, network)

• Do generations of hardware matter?
• Analogous to software?

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COMPUTER GENERATIONS
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COMPUTER GENERATIONS

• 1. VACUUM TUBES 1946-1956

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COMPUTER GENERATIONS

• 1. VACUUM TUBES 1946-1956
• 2. TRANSISTORS 1957-1963

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COMPUTER GENERATIONS

• 1. VACUUM TUBES 1946-1956
• 2. TRANSISTORS 1957-1963
• 3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 1964-1979

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COMPUTER GENERATIONS

• 1. VACUUM TUBES 1946-1956
• 2. TRANSISTORS 1957-1963
• 3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 1964-1979
• 4. VERY LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
  1980-PRESENT

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What happened to fifth generation?

• Japanese project
• Shrinking, laptop, palmtop, wearable,
  implantable, embedded devices?
• Network PC?

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MICROPROCESSOR

• VLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPU
• WORD LENGTH BITS PROCESSED AT ONE TIME
• MEGAHERTZ ONE MILLION CYCLES PER SECOND
• DATA BUS WIDTH BITS MOVED BETWEEN CPU OTHER
  DEVICES
• REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING (RISC) EMBEDS
  MOST USED INSTRUCTIONS ON CHIP TO ENHANCE SPEED

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EXAMPLES OF MICROPROCESSORS
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Microprocessor types
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Advances in of transistors on a microprocessor
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Increasing MIPS each year
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Grades of Computer Systems

• Palmtop, notebook
• Desktop
• Server
• Workstation
• Midrange (minicomputer)
• Mainframe
• Supercomputer

• Processor
• RAM
• Secondary storage
• Physical size
• Price

Recommended reading Soul of a New Machine
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MAINFRAME
MIPS Millions of Instructions per second

• LARGEST COMPUTER
• 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM
• COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY APPLICATIONS
• MASSIVE DATA
• COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS

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MINICOMPUTER

• MIDDLE-RANGE
• 10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM
• UNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABS
• USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR FOR MAINFRAME

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MICROCOMPUTER

• DESKTOP OR PORTABLE
• 64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 64 MEGABYTES RAM
• PERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERS
• AFFORDABLE
• MANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTS
• CAN BE NETWORKED

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WORKSTATION

• DESKTOP COMPUTER
• POWERFUL GRAPHICS
• EXTENSIVE MATH CAPABILITIES
• MULTI-TASKING
• USUALLY CONFIGURED TO SPECIAL FUNCTION (e.g.
  CAD, ENGINEERING, GRAPHICS)

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SUPERCOMPUTER

• HIGHLY SOPHISTICATED
• COMPLEX COMPUTATIONS
• FASTEST CPUs
• LARGE SIMULATIONS
• STATE-OF-THE-ART COMPONENTS
• EXPENSIVE

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CENTRALIZED / DECENTRALIZED

• CENTRALIZED PROCESSING BY CENTRAL COMPUTER SITE
• ONE STANDARD
• GREATER CONTROL
• DECENTRALIZED PROCESSING BY SEVERAL COMPUTER
  SITES LINKED BY NETWORKS
• MORE FLEXIBILITY
• FASTER RESPONSE

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CLIENT / SERVER

• NETWORKED COMPUTERS
• CLIENT user (PC, workstation, laptop) requires
  data, application, communications it does not
  have
• SERVER component (computer) having desired data,
  application, communications

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CLIENT / SERVER
CLIENT SERVER
USER INTERFACE APPLICATION FUNCTION
DATA APPLICATION FUNCTION NETWORK RESOURCES
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CLIENT / SERVER
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Network Computers (NC)

• (Oracle and Sun), Or Net PC Intels industry
  spec.
• A massively pared-down computer that downloads
  both software and data from the network rather
  than storing locally.
• Thin Client
• Javas role
• TCO!!!

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Parallel Computing

• Divide the work up among multiple, simultaneous
  processes and processors
• Uses and analogs in Neural Networks

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SEQUENTIAL PARALLEL PROCESSING
SEQUENTIAL
PARALLEL
RESULT
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DATA STORAGE IN A MICROCOMPUTER
TYPE OF MEMORY
TOTAL STORAGE CAPACITY
ACCESS TIME
PRIMARY STORAGE
REGISTER
1 KILOBYTE
.01 MICROSECONDS
CACHE
1 KILOBYTE
.1 MICROSECONDS
RAM
16 MEGABYTES
.5 MICROSECONDS
SECONDARY STORAGE
HARD DISK
800 MEGABYTES
15 MILLISECONDS
HI-DENSITY DISK
2.8 MEGABYTES
200 MILLISECONDS
OPTICAL DISK
660 MEGABYTES
200-500 MILLISECONDS
MAGNETIC TAPE
40 MEGABYTES
1-2 SECONDS
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SECONDARY STORAGE

• DISK, RAID (redundant array of inexpensive disks)
• TAPE
• OPTICAL STORAGE

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TRACKS AND SECTORS
EACH TRACK HOLDS SAME AMOUNT OF DATA
TRACKS
START OF TRACKS
SECTOR
DIRECTORY ON TRACK 0
Source Senn, Information Technology in
Business1995
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DISK PACK STORAGE

• LARGE SYSTEMS
• RELIABLE STORAGE
• LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA
• QUICK ACCESS RETRIEVABLE
• TYPICAL 11 2-SIDED DISKS
• CYLINDER SAME TRACK ALL SURFACES

READ/WRITE HEADS
CYLINDER 10 TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH
DISK)
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MAGNETIC TAPE

• STANDARD FOR SEQUENTIAL FILES
• SPOOL OF PLASTIC TAPE COVERED WITH FERROUS OXIDE
  (2400 feet per spool)
• RECORD GROUPS BLOCKING FACTOR (e.g., 10 records
  per block)
• GROUPS SEPARATED BY INTER-BLOCK GAP
• RECORDS READ BLOCK AT A TIME

HEADER IBG BLOCK 1 BLOCK 2
BLOCK 3
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MAGNETIC CARTRIDGE

• ENCLOSED FERROUS OXIDE TAPE
• USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP RECORDS
• INEXPENSIVE
• STORED IN SAFE LOCATION
• CAN BE REUSED

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OPTICAL STORAGE

• CD-ROM 500-660 MEGABYTES
• LAND Flat parts of disk surface reflects light
• PITS small scratch on surface scatters light
• WRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM)
• CD-R Compact Disk - Recordable
• CD-RW CD - Rewritable
• DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD) CD size, up to 10
  gigabytes of data

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Purchasing secondary memory
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One more concern with secondary memory
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POINTING DEVICES

• KEYBOARD
• MOUSE
• WIRED
• INFRA-RED
• TRACKBALL
• TOUCH PAD
• JOYSTICK
• TOUCH SCREEN

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SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION

• CAPTURES DATA IN COMPUTER FORM AT TIME PLACE OF
  TRANSACTION
• OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR) saves
  characters, format
• BAR CODE identifies products in stores,
  warehouses, shipments
• MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION (MICR)
  special ink identifies bank, account, amount

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SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION

• PEN-BASED INPUT digitizes signature
• DIGITAL SCANNER translates images characters
  into digital form
• VOICE INPUT DEVICES converts spoken word into
  digital form
• SENSORS devices that collect data from
  environment for computer input (e.g.,
  thermometers, pressure gauges)

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DATA PROCESSING

• BATCH PROCESSING transaction data stored until
  convenient to process as a group. Useful for less
  time-sensitive actions.
• ON-LINE PROCESSING transaction data entered
  directly into system, constantly updating files.
  Requires direct-access devices.

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BATCH PROCESSING
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ON-LINE PROCESSING
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CENTRALIZED / DISTRIBUTED

• CENTRALIZED PROCESSING BY CENTRAL COMPUTER SITE
• ONE STANDARD
• GREATER CONTROL
• DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING BY SEVERAL COMPUTER SITES
  LINKED BY NETWORKS
• MORE FLEXIBILITY
• FASTER RESPONSE

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DOWNSIZING

• TRANSFER APPLICATIONS FROM LARGE COMPUTERS TO
  SMALL
• REDUCES COST
• SPEEDS RESULTS TO USER
• COMPUTER ASSIGNED TASK IT DOES BEST
• COOPERATIVE PROCESSING

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MANAGING HARDWARE ASSETS

• UNDERSTAND TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS
• DETERMINE TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP Hardware,
  software, installation, training, support,
  maintenance, infrastructure
• PLAN CAPACITY SCALABILITY
• IDENTIFY TRENDS

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TECHNOLOGY TRENDS

• INTERACTIVE, VIRTUAL REALITY
• THE NETWORK IS THE COMPUTER?
• ENHANCED WORLD WIDE WEB
• SUPERCHIPS, FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS
• MASSIVELY PARALLEL COMPUTERS
• SMART CARDS, MICROMINIATURIZATION
• BIOLOGICAL COMPUTING?

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Thats it for hardware

• Some useful resourceshttp//www.pcguide.comhttp
  //www.webopedia.comhttp//www.whatis.com
• You (as manager) rarely deal directly with
  hardware
• You use software
• Thats what well look at next