Note

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Note Final Exam-please check final schedule
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Note Nutrition 361- Current Topics in Human
Nutrition-Fall 2010 Nutrition 205- Nutritional
Assessment-Theory- Fall 2010 Nutrition
207-Nutritional Assessment-Application Winter
2011
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  Lecture 27- 11 March 2011 Vitamins Fat
soluble
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Fat soluble These are soluble in fat and
generally pose a greater risk of toxicity than
do the water soluble vitamins Functions,
deficiencies and toxicities sometimes go
together Vitamins ADEK List of functions,
sources, toxicities and deficiencies are not
complete
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Vitamin A Functions-vision (cornea health and
colour and black and white vision), immune
function, reproduction (production of sperm and
in females possibly supporting reproductive tract
secretions), bone health Sources-beef liver,
carrots, sweet potato and chicken
liver Deficiencies-blindness and night
blindness, reduced immune function, fecundicity
and bone health
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Vitamin A Toxicities-fatigue, vomiting,
abdominal pain, liver toxicity and resulting
death(polar bear liver issue), birth defects
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Carotenoids Functions- precursor of vitamin A,
antioxidants, immune response, cancer,
atherosclerosis Sources- carrots, sweet potato,
pumpkin Deficiencies-none reported to date
unless b-carotene is the sole source of vitamin
A Toxicities- yellowish skin but no adverse
effects
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Vitamin D   Function- calcium absorption in the
intestine, bone mineralisation, inhibit cell
proliferation and enhance cell differentiation   S
ources-sunlight, fortified milk and
cereals   Deficiency- rickets in children and
osteomalacia and osteoporosis in
adults   Toxicity- hypercalcemia, depression,
nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite

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Vitamin E Function- antioxidant(cell membranes,
lungs, DNA, heart(atherosclerosis)), maintain
b-carotene function Sources-nuts, vegetable and
seed oils(soybean, sunflower, canola)  Deficienci
es-haemolysis, nerve function Toxicity-
interferes with vitamin K function, enhances
effect of aspirin on clotting  
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Vitamin KFunction- blood clotting, bone
mineralisation and maturation   Sources- human
intestinal bacteria, cabbage, spinach, broccoli
and brussel sprouts, soybean oil, canola oil and
olive oil   Deficiency- rare except in persons
with fat absorption problem, infants get vitamin
K shot at birth to overcome low bacteria and
infants do not get much dietary vitamin
K   Toxicity- rare since it is excreted much more
rapidly than other fat soluble vitamins -interfer
ence with anticoagulant drugs 
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All vitamins Digestion-all vitamins- not
broken down-just released from food Absorption-
water soluble vitamins into blood directly fat
soluble vitamins carried across on
lipids Transport water soluble travel freely in
blood water fat soluble vitamins are carried on
lipoproteins  
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All vitamins Storage Water soluble-in any water
soluble environments Fat Soluble-in body fat
stores including liver Metabolism vitamins may
be metabolised in the body from inactive
forms(e.g. b-carotene) to active forms(vitamin
A)
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Vitamin supplements These are only necessary if
the diet and/or pathology prevents presentation
of the active form of vitamins where they are
needed, when they are needed, in the quantities
needed, and at the time they are needed for a
particular function in the body Otherwise they
are a phenomenal waste of money enriching only
the pharmaceutical firms producing and selling
them
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Vitamin supplements Generally if one follows
Canadas four food groups and eats according to
the principles of adequacy, balance, variety,
nutrient density, calorie control and moderation,
one will not need supplements