GLOBALIZATION

1

• GLOBALIZATION
• Global Challenges, Local Responses, andthe Role
  of Anthropology

2
Cultural Future of Humanity

• Anthropologists unlike futurist projections try
  to view things in context, further than 50 years
  from the present.
• They have a long-term historical perspective and
  recognize culture bound biases.
• Anthropologists are concerned with the tendency
  to treat traditional societies as obsolete when
  they appear to stand in the way of development.

3
Global Culture

• Since the 1950s it has been a belief that
  eventually the world will become one large
  homogeneous culture.
• Evident through such things as fast food chains
  and soda companies like Pepsi and Coca Cola.
• Here is a look at the KFC and Pizza Hut next to
  the Pyramids at Giza (23 seconds)
• Meaning that if a North American were to travel
  abroad, no matter the destination, they would see
  a similar culture to their own in North America.
• Do you think this could be possible?

4
World Migrations

• Migration continues to have a significant effect
  on world social geography, contributing to
  culture change, to the diffusion of ideas and
  innovations, and to the complex mixture of
  cultures in the world today.
• Internal migration occurs within the boundaries
  of a country.
• External migration is movement from one country
  or region to another.

5
World Migrations

• Prior to the mid-20th century, three types of
  external migration were most important
• Voluntary- in search of better opportunities
• Forced- people who have been driven from their
  homelands by war, environmental disasters, or
  transported as slaves
• Imposed- not entirely forced but made advisable
  by the circumstances.

6
Global Culture, Good?

• In theory it might sound like a world with more
  peace and less misunderstandings of differing
  cultures.
• The reality is that it is unlikely that cultures
  will change into one similar culture especially
  if they are being forced to quickly do so by
  outside powerful nations.
• What is created are poorer peasant communities
  who are in the crosshairs of westernization and
  their indigenous life ways.
• Since they failed to change quick enough for the
  western corporate powerhouses.

7
Ethnic Resurgence

• The presence of westernization is glaringly
  obvious worldwide with the diffusion of western
  food, clothes, music, etc.
• This does not mean it is accepted. There is an
  increase of ethnic pressure against
  westernization.
• Resistance against globalization is becoming much
  more frequent.

8
Cultural Pluralism Multiculturalism

• So what is the future?
• Chances are it includes a world with
  multiculturalism- a public policy of mutual
  respect and tolerance for cultural differences.
• Ethnic tension, common in pluralistic societies,
  sometimes turns violent, leading to formal
  separation.
• To manage cultural diversity within such
  societies, some countries have adopted
  multiculturalism as an official public policy.

9
Transnational Cultural Flowsin a Global
Environment

• Anthropologist Arjun Appadurai marks out five
  global spaces or dimensions in which
  transnational cultural flows occur, identifying
  them as scapes (meaning something crafted,
  configured, or transformed by humans)
• Ethnoscapes the fluid and shifting landscape of
  migrants
• Technoscapes the global configuration of
  technologies moving at high speeds across
  previously restrictive borders.

10
SCAPES

• Financescapes the global crossroads of currency
  speculation and financial transfers.
• Mediascapes the distribution of electronic media
  capabilities to produce and spread information,
  plus the large complex repertoire of narratives
  and visual images generated by these media.
• Ideoscapes ideologies produced by the state and
  alternative ideologies developed by non-state and
  counter-hegemonic forces, around which societies
  organize their political cultures and collective
  cultural identities.

11
Structural Power

• Structural power is the power that organizes and
  orchestrates the systemic interaction within and
  among societies.
• Often directing economic and political forces on
  the one hand and ideological forces that shape
  public ideas, values, and beliefs on the other.

12
Structural Power

• Two major interacting forces of structural power
• Hard power is the type of power that is backed up
  by economic and military force.
• Soft power is the type of power that is co-optive
  where ones ideas are pressed onto others through
  attraction and persuasion to change ones ideas,
  beliefs, or values.

13
Economic Hard Power

• Large corporations which are usually a cluster of
  several smaller corporations held together by
  common interest, money, and strategy are
  controlled by one group in one country.
• Their power and wealth, often exceeding that of
  national governments, has increased dramatically
  through media expansion.

14
Economic Hard Power

• Mega corporations have enormous influence on the
  ideas and behavior of hundreds of millions of
  people worldwide.
• States and corporations compete for scarce
  natural resources, cheap labor, new commercial
  markets, and ever-larger profits in a political
  arena that spans the entire globe.

15
Structural Violence

• Structural violence is physical and/or
  psychological harm (including repression,
  environmental destruction, poverty, hunger,
  illness, and premature death) caused by
  impersonal, exploitative, and unjust social,
  political, and economic systems.
• Current structures are poised to offer wealth,
  power, and comfort for a lucky few and poverty,
  suffering, and death for the majority.

16
Overpopulation

• In 1750, 1 billion people lived on earth.
• By 1950, nearly 2.5 billion.
• Between 1950 and 2000 the world population soared
  above 6 billion.
• Today, India and China have more than 1 billion
  inhabitants each.
• Population projections suggest that global
  population will peak around 2050 at about 9.37
  billion people.

17
7 Billion people

• National Geographic
• Whats Your Number? The World at 7 Billion

18
7 Billion people

• Issues of contraceptionwho gets to make up the
  rules?
• Hans Rosling (4min)
• "There was an unmet need for contraceptive
  services, of course. But there was also an unmet
  need for health services and all kinds of other
  services which did not get attention. The focus
  became contraception." BBC
• Hans Rosling Religion and Population? (13 min)
  http//www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_religions_an
  d_babies.html
• Economic Development A Global Challenge (Films
  on Demand) 30 min.

19
Overpopulation

• Replacement reproduction, the point at which
  birthrates and death rates are in equilibrium
  people producing only enough offspring to replace
  themselves when they die.
• Even with the replacement reproduction the
  population will continue to grow for 50 years or
  more.

20
Overpopulation

• Western societies have protected their
  environment only when a crisis warranted.
• Many of the worlds developing countries have
  policies for population growth that conflict with
  other policies.
• A direct threat to humanity.

21
Hunger and Obesity

• Currently over a quarter of the worlds countries
  do not produce enough food to feed their
  populations and cannot afford to import what is
  needed.
• Most of these countries are in Saharan Africa.
• What is ironic is that while millions of people
  go without food daily, millions of people eat too
  much food daily.
• Obesity is not solely related to overeating, it
  is also related to the high sugar and fat content
  found in food.

22
Global Pollution

• Air and water pollution appear to be the direct
  result of the human hand. The largest negative
  side effect of agribusiness is environmental
  degradation.
• Pollutants cause the development of acid
  precipitation, which damages soil, vegetation,
  and wildlife.
• Most atmospheric scientists believe that the
  greenhouse effect is being enhanced by increased
  carbon dioxide, methane, and other gases produced
  by industrial and agricultural activities.

23
The Culture of Discontent

• As previously mentioned the worlds poorest
  countries have been told that they can and should
  enjoy a standard of living comparable to that of
  the rich countries.
• The resources necessary to maintain such a
  luxurious standard of living are limited. Non
  renewable resources would quickly disappear at
  such a high rate of consumption.
• This growing gap between expectations and
  realizations has led to the creation of a culture
  of discontent.

24
The Culture of Discontent

• The culture of discontent is not limited to poor
  and overpopulated countries.
• It can be found among the most wealthy and
  enduring nations.
• Where the people are spending money to obtain
  material riches which often lead to more
  discontent.