Journal Today

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Journal Today

• Page 314 (1-3)
• Page 321 (1-2)

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The Dark, erMiddle Ages, ummm Medieval What
happened After Rome Fell.

• Chapter 13 14 POI
• Chapter 17 and 20 Bentley
• The Medieval Period in Europe

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When Rome Fell

• In the west?
• In 476? 14 yr. Old Emperor fall to the Germans
• Imagine everything that gave your world stability
  suddenly leaving
• Cities diminished
• Populations fell (POI. Pg. 317(1-2))

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Frankish Kings

• Clovis
• by 511 converted to Christianity and partnered
  with the Church in Rome to fight the Germanic
  Peoples and established the Merovingian Dynasty
• Charles Martel
• Major Domo
• Charles The Hammer
• Extended Frankish Territory
• Defeated a Muslim Raiding Party at the Battle of
  Tours in 732

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Frankish Kings

• Pepin the Short
• Son of Charles
• Annointed King by the Pope
• Established Carolingian Dynasty
• Charlemagne Charles the Great
• Son of Pepin, seized entire kingdom from brother
• Presided over unprecedented growth and stability
  in present day France, Spain, Italy, and parts of
  Germany

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Charlemagne Charles the Great

• Crowned Roman Emperor by Pope in 800
• Fostered cultural revival of learning with the
  new schools and monks
• 815 Charlemagne dies and his kingdom falters
  leading to the development of new systems of
  government

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Journal 323 (1-2)

• Charlemagnes rule was a short period of unity
  and stability for Europe. His decline meant the
  coming of a new type of political fragmentation.
• Instability also opens the way for invasions
  between 700-1000 CE
• Muslims
• Magyars
• Vikings

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Vikings

• A furare normannorum libera nos, Domine!
• From the rage of the Norsemen, keep us oh Lord!

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Feudalism

• Political System which developed in response to a
  lack of strong authority in Europe
• Feudalism was a means for protecting ones self
  and ones land
• Based on a relationship of loyalty between a Lord
  and a Vassal

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Feudalism

• Lord Owns land (a fief) and distributes the
  land among vassals in exchange for military
  protection
• Vassals Received land from a lord and pledged
  to protect the lord if called upon.
• Vassals could also redistribute land to lesser
  vassals in exchange for their services
• Vassals did all of the fighting and from this
  relationship comes the notion of knights and
  chivalry

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Feudalism

• Complications of loyalty
• Feudal Justice
• Trial by Battle
• Trial by Ordeal
• Trial by Compurgation (Oath Taking)
• Placed enormous power in the hands of local lords
  creating a decentralized power structure

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An Age of Violence

• Knights were armed and on horseback
• Required years of training
• Supposedly lived up to a code of chivalry
• Most were little more than hired thugs

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Manorialism

• Economic System in which Lords (landowners) and
  Serfs (Peasants) existed in a relationship where
  land was granted in exchange for services
• Lords Owned the land and allowed serfs to live
  on the land and use the resources and have
  protection
• Serfs Lived on the Lords land and worked to
  maintain the estate (Often they owed the Lord
  taxes in the form of service or duties)

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Manorialism

• The manor was self-contained economic unit.
• It needed nothing from the outside

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Manorialism
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Role of Medieval Women

• Chivalry placed women on a pedestal
• Egalitarian Christianity created opportunities
  for women (convents)
• Marian devotion grew
• Women could inherit estates and often fought to
  defend it
• Most women however were limited to the household
  and child-rearing. They could not make a feudal
  contract.

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The High Middle Ages

• Population Boom Why?
• Horse Power replacing Oxen with new horse
  collar
• Heavier Plow
• 3 Field System

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The High Middle Ages

• Towns Grew
• Population growth
• Fairs and Trade grew along with artisan classes
• Walled cities (burghs-walled cities), people were
  called burghers (later bourgeoisie)
• Guilds Association of skilled persons who set
  standards and controlled trade
• Banking develops
• Jews were excluded often from owning land but
  could loan money as the Church forbade Christians
  from doing so.

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The High Middle Ages

• Burghers didnt fit the feudal mold and towns
  became more independent from landlords
• Many serfs fled the manor for a better life in
  the towns
• Town air makes you free

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The High Middle Ages

• Growth in Scholarship
• Latin Vernacular
• Dante, Chaucer
• Sparked renewed interest in classical learning
  especially from Muslim and Byzantine archives
• The church began to synthesize faith and reason
  through
• Reintroduction of Aristotle
• Thomas Aquinas Summa Theologica used ancient
  Greek Rationalism to argue the existence of God
• Scholastics Grew
• Universities Grew
• Cathedral Construction

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14th Century Troubles

• Towns were notoriously
• Crowded
• Dirty
• Wooden
• Mini Ice Age
• Famine
• Peasant Rebellions
• The Plague

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The Long 14th Century

• The Bubonic Plague p. 358
• What region of the world lost more people?
• Where did the plague orginate?
• How did it spread?
• What percentage of Europe was lost?

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14th Century Troubles

• The Church collided with French Kings
• The Avignon Papacy (1305)
• The Great Schism (1378) 3 Popes finally ended
  at the Council of Constance in 1417
• John Wycliffe Jan Huss
• The Church was severely weakened and this set the
  stage for the later Protestant Reformation

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English History

• The British Isles were invaded by
• Saxons
• Other Germanic Tribes
• Vikings
• 1066 William the Conqueror defeated the
  Anglo-Saxons at the Battle of Hastings

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English History

• Henry II (1154-1189) Jury Trial, Common Law,
  French Territories (Aquitaine)
• King John (1199-1216) Magna Carta
• King Edward I (1295) Called on Bishops, Nobles
  and Commoners for funds (Model Parliament)

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100 Years War

• 1337-1453 btw the English and French over
  territory in modern France
• The Longbow decimated French Knights at Crecy
  (1346), Poitier, and Agincourt (1415)

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100 Years War

• Joan of Arc (1429-1431)
• 16 year old peasant girl led French to victory
  over the English
• Was captured by the English and burned at the
  stake as a heretic

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100 Years War

• Was the end of chivalry, knighthood, and
  feudalism
• Led to centralized authority and standing
  professional armies
• Fostered Nationalism
• Increased power of English Parliament

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Periodization In the Middle Ages

• 6th-10th Centuries
• Chaotic
• Fragmented
• Vikings
• Decline
• Islamic Fears

• 11th-13th Centuries
• Crusading
• Expansionist
• Growing Population
• Growth of Central Monarchies
• Religious Reform
• Growth in towns, trade, and banking

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Periodization In the Middle Ages

• 14th and 15th Centuries
• Decline
• 100 Years War
• Decline of aristocracy/chivalry/feudalism (new
  forms of warfare / archers / paid armies)
• Mini-Ice Age
• Famines
• Plague (1348)
• Weakened Church Authority after disputes with
  Monarchs

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THE CRUSADES

• The Crusades
• Consisted of several attempts by European powers
  to control the Holy Land
• Occurred over 200 years
• The Crusades were an attempt by the Pope (Urban
  II) to limit conflict in Europe
• The nobility and feudalism was weakened
• Trade was stimulated and Europe was opened up to
  Arab innovations
• Arabs developed a distrust of Christians
• It affected Europe much more than the East by
  introducing classical texts from the Byzantine
  Empire and trade goods and technologies from the
  Muslims