Temperature

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Temperature and your skin!
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Why do we sweat?

• Sweating is the bodys natural way of cooling us
  down. Although it may feel as if the sweat or
  perspiration is making us hotter, especially on
  warm days, without sweat, we would not be able to
  tolerate the heat our bodies would produce.

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Normal Body Temperature

• We sweat in order to keep the body at its normal
  temperature, which is 37 degrees Celsius.
• If we lost this bodily function we could suffer
  from heatstroke in hot weather.

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Burning Food

• Think of all the food the body takes
• in each day. This has to be burned
• off somehow.
• The burning of this food produces heat within the
  body which triggers our brain to kick start the
  bodys natural cooling process.
• Inside the human body are long, twisting tubes of
  cells known as the sweat glands. The blood
  vessels in our skin open and the fluid is
  released through our pores.

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How many sweat glands?

• There are approximately 2 million sweat glands in
  our body.
• You should aim to drink 2L of water each day.

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What is in sweat?

• The most common elements are water and sodium,
  otherwise known as salt. At times, we can have a
  low sweat production--this happens when it is
  cool and we are resting. The higher sweat
  production occurs in very hot weather or when we
  are exercising.

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Perspiration?

• Perspiration that is produced through the
  aprocrine glands, or in the armpit, will be
  thicker and perhaps have a yellowish color. This
  is because it contains fatty acids and proteins.
  It is this type of sweat under the arms, coupled
  with antiperspirants, which can turn clothing
  yellow.

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You stink!

• When we apply deodorants it is only to the
  armpits, in order to counteract the smell of the
  Aprocrine sweat.
• Sweat is actually odorless, but when it starts to
  decompose and is attacked by bacteria, the smell
  can be unpleasant.

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What are Goose Bumps?
Goosebumps are caused by cold weather or by
extreme emotions like fear. Similar to a
porcupine, the tiny hair in our body stand
upright when the hair follicle muscle is
stimulated to contract.
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Goose Bumps

• Goose bumps are often a response to cold in
  animals covered with fur or hair, the erect hairs
  trap air to create a layer of insulation.
• Goose bumps can also be a response to anger or
  fear the erect hairs make the animal appear
  larger, in order to intimidate enemies.

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Why do we shiver?

• Your body has its own automatic or reflex way of
  making muscles work just under your skin.
• When your receptors sense that your internal body
  temperature is getting too cold they constrict or
  close the blood vessels at the surface of the
  skin to move blood inwards towards your heart.

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Shivering to stay warm?

• Shivering is one of the methods that the human
  body uses to warm itself. 
• It is a neurological (brain/nerve) reaction, that
  the body executes when it gets too cold.  
• Joggers are familiar with the concept of moving
  to stay warm they run in the coldest of weather
  and manage to stay warm.  

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Warming up

• Basic physics dictates that energy taken from a
  storage source (like our fat) and changed to
  another form of energy (your body movements),
  results in yet another form of energy - heat. 
• So when your muscles start moving back and fourth
  rapidly, they make heat, which helps warm the
  body in the cold.  

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Acclimatization

• Some people have a different tolerance for cold,
  and in fact those who shiver easier, can
  withstand colder temperatures.  Specific
  tolerances can change as we adapt over long term
  exposure, which is why all those Florida natives
  look at you funny when you wear your shorts down
  there in January, they have just adapted to the
  warm temperatures. 

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What is frostbite?

• In cold temperatures, skin that is not properly
  covered or protected can freeze quickly.
• The most common body parts to have frostbite are
  the cheeks, ears, nose, hands, and feet.
• Skin that is not covered in the cold will first
  become red and swollen and it will feel like it
  is stinging or burning.

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What is frostbite?

• If skin remains exposed to the cold, it will feel
  like it is tingling and will look grey. If it
  freezes, the area will have no feeling and it
  will be shiny and white.
• Frostbite can happen in cold wind, rain, or snow.
  
• Once a part of the body has had frostbite, it is
  more likely to happen again.

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Treating Frostbite

• Gently remove any clothing covering the area and
• Slowly re-warm the area by gently covering the
  ears or nose with a hand and placing a
  frostbitten hand in the opposite armpit.
• Do not massage or rub snow on frostbitten skin
  do not use heat or warm water to warm the skin.
• Call your doctor for treatment.

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Shivering is serious

• Shivering is a sign that hypothermia is setting
  in as well, it's a very early sign, but
  uncontrollable shivering should be taken
  seriously. 

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What is Hypothermia?

• Mild Hypothermia Shivering - if shivering can be
  stopped voluntarily, it is mild hypothermia.
  Can't do complex motor functions with hands but
  can still walk and talk. Skin is cool due to
  vasoconstriction. Hands numb. Moderate confusion
  - if you cannot count backwards from 100, you may
  be hypothermic.

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Moderate Hypothermia

• Shivering not under voluntary control. Loss of
  fine motor controlparticularly in handscan't
  zip up coatdue to restricted peripheral blood
  flow.
• Poor coordination. May have Dazed consciousness.
  
• Slurred speech. Violent shivering. Irrational
  behaviourmay even undress. Unaware that you are
  cold. "I don't care" attitude. Flat emotions.

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Severe Hypothermia

• Shivering occurs in waves until shivering finally
  ceases.
• Irrational.
• May seem normal. Progresses to Can't walk, curls
  up into fetal position to conserve heat. Muscle
  rigidity. Skin is pale. Pupils dilate (become
  big). Pulse rate decreases. Then breathing rate
  decreases. Then the person looks dead, but is
  still alive.

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Risk factors for hypothermia

• Cool, cold, wet, or windy weather. Improper
  clothing and equipment.
• Clothes that are tight and impair circulation.
  Fatigue. Dehydration. Extremes of age.
  Immobility. Not eating enough. Alcohol,
  cigarettes, caffeine.
• Not taking hypothermia seriously.

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Risk for Hyperthermia

• Highest risk days when the weather changes a
  lot, when its cool but not cold, or when people
  don't anticipate the cold, wet, and/or wind.
• Remind you of Nova Scotia weather?

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Medical conditions that increase risk of
hypothermia

• Hypothyroidism (the endocrine system helps with
  the body's temperature regulation)
• Hypoglycemia
• Malnutrition
• Skin problems (can cause increased circulation to
  the skin which increases heat loss)
• Head trauma (impairs the body's temperature
  regulation)

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Preventing Hypothermia

• Dress for the weather
• Stay Dry
• Eat!
• Drink Water
• Dont drink alcohol
• When you start to feel cold, try to warm up

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Treatment

• Get warm
• Get dry
• Drink lots of liquids
• Eat (candy, juice, chocolate, fruit)