Essential Fatty Acids

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Essential Fatty Acids

• Alpha-linolenic
• An omega 3 fatty acid
• EPA and DHA
• Eicosanoids

• Linoleic
• An omega 6 fatty acid
• Dihomo-gamma-linolenic and arachidonic acids
• Eicosanoids

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Fat Replacements

• Water
• Protein
• Carbohydrates
• Starch derivatives, fiber and gums
• Engineered fats
• Olestra
• Salatrim

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Mediterranean Diet

• Up to 40 kcal from fat is healthy if mostly MUFA
• Traditional diet features
• Olive oil as main fat
• Abundant fruits vegetables, whole grains,
  beans, nuts, and seeds
• Daily intake of Small amounts of cheese and
  yogurt
• Weekly fish intake limited use of eggs and red
  meat
• Regular exercise and rest
• Moderate wine intake

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Figure 6.19
1a
1b
2a
Chylomicron remnant to liver.
Fat leaves liver and travels as VLDL.
Absorbed fat travels as chylomicron.
2b
Fat to body cells via lipoprotein lipase
VLDL
Intestine
Chylomicron
Liver
Also called IDL
VLDL remnant
c
1c
Fat to body cells after breakdown by
lipoprotein lipase
3a
LDL taken up by receptor pathways (in body cells)
LDL
HDL
HDL
c
c
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3b
HDL arises from the liver and intestine and buds
off other lipoproteins. HDL transfers cholesterol
from body cells mostly to other lipoproteins for
disposal.
LDL taken up by scavenger pathways (in blood
vessels), especially oxidized LDL
c
Cholesterol
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• Receptor Pathway
• LDLs taken up by cells, broken down, and
  components utilized
• Excess in blood become oxidized

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• Scavenger Pathway
• White blood cells remove oxidized LDLs
• Cholesterol can build up in these cells and kill
  them this results in plaque (atherosclerosis)
• High Density Lipoproteins
• Picks up cholesterol throughout the body

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Health Concerns

• High polyunsaturated fat intake
• Excessive omega-3 fat intake
• Imbalances in omega-3 and omega 6 fats
• Intake of rancid fats
• Diets high in trans fats
• Diets high in total fat

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Preventing CVD

• Total fat 20-35 total calories
• Saturated fat lt 7 total calories
• Trans fat low
• Polyunsaturated lt 10 total calories
• Monounsaturated lt 20 total calories
• Cholesterol lt 200 mg daily

• Include 2 grams plant stanols/sterols daily
• Soluble fiber intake of 20-30g
• Moderate sugar intake
• Keep body weight at a healthy level
• Increase physical activity