The Age of Anxiety

1
The Age of Anxiety

• 1919-1939

2
New Cultural Frontiers

• Postwar Pessimism
• Anti-war sentiment
• The "lost generation
• Term used by Gertrude Stein to label American
  intellectuals and authors in Paris.
• Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, etc.
• Postwar writers expressed their disillusion and
  revulsion in poetry and fiction.
• Attacks on progress
• Science and democracy became fallen idols

3
The Great Depression ?

• A global depression.
• The weakness of global economy.
• The complicated financial relationships among the
  Allies, Germany-Austria, and U.S.
• As United States lenders withdrew capital from
  Europe (1928), the financial system strained.
• U.S. was becoming more and more isolated.
• Industrial innovations reduced demand for raw
  materials such as rubber, coal, and cotton.

4
The Crash of 1929

• United States economic boom prompted many to
  invest in speculative ventures.
• On Oct. 29, 1929 stock prices plummeted,
  investors lost life savings.
• Otherwise know as Black Tuesday.
• Lenders called in loans, forcing investors to
  sell their securities at any price.

5
Economic Contraction Spreads

• Financial chaos led to reduced consumer demand
  and business failure.
• By 1932, the United States industrial production
  and national income dropped by half.
• Tightening of United States economy created a
  ripple effect that circled the globe.
• Industrial economies of Germany and Japan
  suffered the most.

6
Personal Suffering

• Millions of people struggled for food, clothing,
  and shelter.
• Anguish and despair led to social divisions and
  class hatreds.
• Writers criticized social and political order,
  calling for a just society.

7
Global Depression ?

• Economic Experimentation
• John Maynard Keynes theories of economics.
• Keynesian economics.
• Governments should play an active role in
  stimulating economy and consumer demand.
• The New Deal
• Roosevelt protected banking system, provided jobs
  and farm subsidies, legislation on minimum wage,
  social security, and workers' unions.
• But it was the military spending of WW II that
  ended the depression in the United States.

8
Global Depression ?

• Japanese approaches.
• Japan came out of the depression by 1931 through
  government measures at expense of workers'
  interests.
• German approaches.
• Germany recovered by the mid-1930s through public
  works, deficit spending, and military preparation.

9
Global Depression ?

• From Lenin to Stalin.
• The Great Purge
• Disaster of collectivization generated
  controversy and doubt concerning Stalin's
  administration
• Stalin purged 2/3 of Central Committee members
  and more than 1/2 of the army's high-ranking
  officers from 1935-38.
• By 1939, 8 million people were in labor camps and
  3 million died during ethnic cleansing.
• The world watched the Soviet Union with contempt
  and fear.

10
Socialism in One Country

• Stalin favored "socialism in one country.
• He established dictatorship through murders and
  purges in 1928.
• Replaced Lenin's NEP with the First Five-Year
  Plan in 1929.

11
New Leaders and New Ideasin Europe during the
1930s

• AP World History
• Unit 5

12
Totalitarianism
13
How did Totalitarianism come about?

• Step 1 Treaty of Versailles.
• Step 2 Stock Market Crash of 1929.
• Step 3 Great Depression of the 1930s.
• Step 4 Increased influence from new political
  parties that emphasized government control.
• Step 5 Total control of the government by a
  dictator.

14
Characteristics of Totalitarianism

• Government establishes complete control of all
  aspects of the state.
• Political, military, economy, social, and
  cultural.
• Highly nationalistic.
• Flags, salutes, rallies, and uniforms.
• Strict controls and laws.
• Military state.
• Secret police, army, and navy.

15
Characteristics of Totalitarianism

• Censorship.
• Opposing literature and ideas.
• Propaganda
• Media
• Radio, newspapers, and posters.
• One leader
• A charismatic dictator.
• Total conformity of people to ideas and the
  leader.
• Terror and Fear.

16
Soviet Communism

• Also known as Stalinism.
• Stalin was the leader of the Soviet Union from
  1922-1953.
• Combines elements of communism with a
  totalitarian and military state.

17
Fascism

• Fascisms name comes from the fasces.
• An ancient Roman symbol of authority.
• Intense nationalism and elitists mindset.
• Totalitarian control
• Interests of the state more important than
  individual rights.
• Maintains class system and private ownership.
• Most well known example is in Italy.
• Lead by Benito Mussolini from 1922-1943.

18
Nazism

• Extreme form of Fascism, Nationalism, and
  Totalitarianism.
• Based on the beliefs of the National Socialist
  German Workers Party.
• Belief in a superior race.
• The Aryan or master race.
• Belief that all Germans should have a
• living space in Europe.
• Violent hatred of Jews.
• Belief that Jews were the cause of all of
• Germanys problems.
• Led by Adolf Hitler from 1933-1945.