Population issues

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Population issues
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Major Issues

• Population Growth
• Natural Increase Demographic equation
• Fertility (CBR annual per 1000)
• Mortality (CDR annual per 1000)
• Food Supply- carrying capacity of the earth
• Health
• IMR, ALE, MMR
• Status of Women
• Migration
• Immigration/ Emigration
• Voluntary vs. Forced
• Refugees
• Push and pull factors

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Population and space

• Distribution
• Density
• Arithmetic
• Physiologic

Above Hong Kong Left Mongolia
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The Scale of the issue
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Why map legends are important
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Unit of measure?
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World Population Growth

• 0 CE- lt 300 million
• 1650- 500 million
• 1850- 1 billion
• 1930- 2 billion
• 1960- 3 billion
• 1976- 4 billion
• 1987- 5 billion
• 1999- 6 billion
• Today 6.6 Billion

• Why?
• Plagues, epidemics, undependable food supplies,
  poor sanitation, inadequate medical treatment,
  warfare led to high IMR, MMR and low ALE
• Improvements in the above (especially food
  supplies and medical care) led to dramatic
  population increases
• Impacting events
• Neolithic revolution
• European exploration
• Industrial revolution
• Urbanization

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The J curve
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General Population Patterns Today

• Largest concentrations
• East Asia
• South Asia
• Western Europe
• Eastern North America
• Similarities
• Areas of low elevation and moderate climate,
  close to water
• High Birth rates- associated with agricultural
  countries, low economic development (children are
  economic benefit), little urbanization,
  contraceptives unacceptable due to expense or
  tradition, high levels of illiteracy
• Low birth rates- industrial, urban societies,
  high levels of literacy, family planning
  (children are an economic cost)
• High Death rates- same areas as High Birth rates,
  but also areas with elderly population

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Rates of Natural Increase
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Infant Mortality
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Adults and Children Living with AIDS, 2004
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Theories

• Thomas Malthus English clergyman (1798- Essays
  on the Principle of Population)
• Population grows geometrically (exponentially) -
  2, 4, 8, 16, 32, etc.)
• Food supplies (resources) grow arithmetically (1,
  2, 3, 4, 5, etc.)
• Result being mass starvation unless population is
  brought back in balance
• Malthusian checks on population wars, famines,
  epidemics- want to avoid them? Must limit
  population voluntarily
• So dont help the poor- it will only make more
  of them
• Today- ideas held by Neo-Malthusians

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More Theories

• Karl Marx- German social philosopher (1818-1883)
• Poverty results from capitalistic inequalities
  (unequal distribution of resources), so, adopt
  socialism
• Population growth greater production of
  economic commodities, thus better life for all,
• Did not pan out where applied (Soviet Union And
  China)
• Esther Boserup- agricultural economist (1965)
• Population growth stimulates greater intensity in
  effort and therefore greater amount of food
• Is therefore the stimulant of agricultural
  development (not the result)
• Cornucopian theory-
• disdains the notion that there are natural limits
  to growth
• Believes planet can hold an endless number of
  human beings and provide a limitless abundance of
  natural resources. (even petroleum)
• sometimes called Anti-Malthusians

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Policies

• Pro-natalist
• Formal
• Government encourages more births through various
  incentives
• Informal
• Society/ culture encourages more births through
  values
• Anti-natalist
• Formal
• Government discourages births through incentives
  or punishments
• Informal
• Society discourages births through encouraging
  later marriages, etc.

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Overpopulation

• Scale!
• Carrying Capacity

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Movement

• Types
• Nomadism
• Pastoral nomadism/ transhumance
• Migration
• Step
• Chain
• Permanent/ Temporary
• Circular/ Return
• Seasonal
• Daily Activity Space
• Gender differences

Y
Men Women
Y
Z
Z
X
X
X Home
Z Other Destination
Z
Y Work
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Why do people migrate?

• Push Factors
• Pull Factors

Emigration and immigration Change in
residence. Relative to origin and destination.
Major International Migration Patterns, Early
1990s
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue,
Hofstra University
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World Migration Routes Since 1700
European
African (slaves)
Indian
Chinese
Japanese
Majority of population descended from immigrants
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue,
Hofstra University
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Historical migrations

• Out of Africa
• Jewish Diaspora
• Rise and Fall of Empires
• Waves across Europe
• Mongolian Conquests
• Spread of Islam
• European exploration and colonization
• Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
• Industrial Revolution migrations
• Rural- Urban migrations- currently the worlds
  largest migration stream
• Developing countries- developed countries

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Questions for discussion

• Do agricultural groups always dominate nomadic?
• Is settling the natural course of development?
• There are numerous cases of nomadic societies
  conquering agricultural ones the Hittites
  conquest of the ancient Middle East, the
  successive movements of Germanic people across
  Europe, the Aryan migration into India, the
  Seljuk Turks conquest of much of the Muslim world
  that began in the 11th century, and the vast
  Mongolian conquests of the 13th and 14th
  centuries. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guns,_Ger
  ms_and_Steel
• Why do some groups seem to be more mobile than
  others?
• How has transportation technology changed the
  migration experience?
• How has/ is globalization affecting migration?

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Other issues affecting Migration

• Push and Pull factors
• Place Utility
• A particular areas value, how the lifestyle
  there is viewed.
• Intervening Opportunities
• Closer opportunities appear more attractive than
  further away
• Distance Decay
• The further away something is, the less likely
  you are to have interaction with it

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Laws of Migration by E.G. Ravenstein (1880s)

• Most migrants travel only a short distance.
• Migrants traveling long distances usually settle
  in urban areas.
• Most migration occurs in steps.
• Most migration is rural to urban.
• Each migration flow produces a movement in the
  opposite direction ("counterflow").
• Most migrants are adults.
• Most international migrants are young males,
  while more internal migrants are female.

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• The New Colossus by Emma Lazarus
• Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!"
  cries sheWith silent lips. Give me your tired,
  your poor,Your huddled masses yearning to
  breathe free,The wretched refuse of your teeming
  shore.Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to
  me,I lift my lamp beside the golden door!

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The U.S. and immigration

• First migrants Native Americans
• New evidence points to multiple migrations- only
  one over the Bering Strait Land Bridge
• Then various exploring groups
• Irish, Vikings, Phoenicians/ Carthaginians?
  Greeks and Romans?
• Lies My Teacher Told Me James Loewen
• European explorers during the Renaissance
• English, Dutch, German follow
• Transatlantic slave trade
• Largest forced migration in history
• Various waves of immigration follow Northern
  Europe, the Irish, Southern and Eastern Europe,
  China, now Latin America
• Each new group faced resentment from the already
  established ones
• NINA myth?
• Concerns over union membership, job stealing,
  rising crime, etc.

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• Remember, remember always, that all of us... are
  descended from immigrants and revolutionists.
  -Franklin D. Roosevelt

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U.S. Immigration Policies

• 1882, Bars Asian immigration for ten years
  (extended)
• 1921, Quota Act - country by country quotas
• 1924 National Origins Act - country by country
  quotas
• 1965, Immigration Act - quotas for countries
  replaced, in 1968, with hemisphere quotas of 170,
  000 for East and 120,000 for West
• 1978, Immigration Act - global quota of 290, 000
• 1980, Refugee Act - quotas do not apply to those
  seeking political asylum
• 1986, Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted
  large numbers of former illegals.
• 1990, Immigration Act raised global quotas to
  roughly 675,000
• 1995, visas issued Preferentially
• 480,000 - to relatives of people here
• 140,000 - to those with special skills and
  education
• 55,000 - to diversity candidates (i.e., mostly
  not from Latin Amer. or Asia)

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• WHERE YOUR TAXES GO - ILLEGAL ALIENS Attributed
  to the LA Times, June 2002 Actually not.
• 40 of all workers in L.A. County (pop. 10
  million) are working for cash and not paying
  taxes. This was because they are predominantly
  illegal immigrants, working without a green card.
  
• Cash workers (including waiters) pay less in
  income tax, but they certainly are paying sales
  tax, property taxes, etc.
• 95 of warrants for murder in Los Angeles are for
  illegal aliens.
• 95 of OUTSTANDING homicide warrants are for
  illegal, not the total
• Over 2/3's of all births in Los Angeles County
  are to illegal alien Mexicans on Medi-Cal whose
  births were paid for by taxpayers.
• 62.7 of births list Hispanic as ethnicity- so
  all Hispanics illegal?
• Nearly 25 of all inmates in California detention
  centers are Mexican nationals here illegally.
• Actually, statistics say that 23 are deportable
  (including any foreign nationals, not just
  Mexicans)
• Less than 2 of illegal aliens are picking our
  crops but 29 are on welfare. See...
  http//www.cis.org/
• Illegal aliens not eligible for welfare

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Refugees

• UNHCR
• A person who has a well-founded fear of being
  persecuted for reasons of race, religion,
  nationality, membership of a particular social
  group, or political opinion.
• Characteristics of Refugees
• Most move without any more tangible property than
  they can carry or transport with them.
• Most take their first step on foot, by bicycle,
  wagon or open boat.
• Generally, they move without the official
  documents that accompany channeled migrations.
• H.J. DeBlij Human Geography Culture Society and
  Space
• Can be either
• International or Intranational
• Permanent or temporary

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Links

• http//www.census.gov/
• http//www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html
• https//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world
  -factbook/
• http//www.prb.org/
• Lesson Ideas Page 25, 26

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Importance?

• 2008 essay question on domestic migration within
  U.S.
• 2006 essay question on global migration patterns
• 2005 essay question on migration to U.S. over
  time
• 2004 Essay question on urbanization included
  population pyramids
• 2003 Essay question on Europes change from
  source of international migration to a
  destination (including use of DTM)
• First test given in 2001