The Emergence of civilizations (@ 4000-3000 BCE)

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The Emergence of civilizations (_at_ 4000-3000 BCE)
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EARLY RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS
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Origins

• Why Mesopotamia?
• Fertile Crescent/Tigris/Euphrates (pg 30)
• Where? Modern day Kuwait and Iraq.
• Who were first to arrive? Sumerians
• Disadvantages
• unpredictable flooding (unlike Egypt)
• No natural protection
• Limited natural resources
• How where these problems solved?
• City-states

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The Standard of Ur

• Clearly defined social classes

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Emergence of organized formalized religions
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SUMER (p. 29-33)

• Cuneiform- knife carves wedges into a tablet
• Scribes worked with over 580 letters. Few could
  use cuneiform
• Epic of Gilgamesh
• Cultural diffusion
• Ziggurats
• Conquered by Sargon and the Akkadians
• Worlds first________.

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cuneiform writing
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Sumerian farmers plowing
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Bronze Age tools and weapons
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sailboat
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limestone bowls Ur
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Sumerian statues of Gods and Goddesses
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Standard of Ur
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Scenes of Peace
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Scenes of war
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Sumerian necklace
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Sumerian Bull's Head, Lyre from Tomb of Paubi,
c. 2600 B.C.
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Early Sumerian writingpictographs
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Later Sumerian writingrepresent sounds down from
3000 to 300
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The Behistun Rock the key to deciphering
cuneiform
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BABYLON (p.33)

• Amorites invade Mesopotamia around 2000 BC
• Establish capital at Babylon on the Euphrates
• Hammurabi and his code (eye for an eye)
• Concept of codification
• Rights to women?

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ASSYRIANS (p.95-97)

• Capital is Ninevah
• Known for being nasty, violent, and vile (often
  massacred conquered cities)
• Militaristic people with advanced weapons
• Eventually conquered by neo-Babylonians
  (Chaldeans)and Medes
• 2 important kings Sennacharib and Ashurbanipal

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Relief Assyrian conquest of Israel
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CHALDEANS (p.97-98)

• New or Neo Babylonians
• Nebuchadnezzar
• Legends about Babylon Hanging Gardens, 11 mile
  long wall, walls were supposedly thick enough for
  a 4 horse chariot to ride on

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Solomons Temple
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Wailing Wall
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Lion Hunt
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