Fibre to fabric

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Fibre to fabric
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What is fabric?

• You all know that food, clothing and shelter are
  the three basic needs of life. You eat food to
  survive and protect yourself from diseases, you
  need a house to live in. Why do you wear clothes?
  You wear clothes for protection against climate,
  for modesty and beauty, and also to show status.
  The material that you use for clothing is called
  fabric.

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• If you go to a shop to buy fabric for your dress,
  you would see a variety of fabrics there. Do you
  wonder what these fabrics are made of? How you
  get variety in fabrics? Why are some materials
  warm, some soft and others rough? Why do some
  materials go bad after washing while others
  remain the same?

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• Do you know what fabrics are made of? Take a
  cloth and pull out a thread. Untwist to loosen
  this thread. You will see that it is made up of
  smaller threads or hair like strands. Pull out
  one of these. This single hair like strand is
  called a fibre.
• A fibre is a hair like strand from which all
  fabrics are made.

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Natural Fibres

• Some fibres are obtained from natural sources,
  that is, from plants and animals. Fibres from
  such sources are called natural fibres.
• Some examples of fibres from natural sources are
  cotton, Jute, silk, wool, etc

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Man-made Fibres

• The other type of fibres are obtained from
  chemical substance. These are called manmade
  fibres. They are rayon, polyester, nylon, acrylic
  (cashmilon) etc.

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• Classify the following fibres as man-made and
  natural
• (i) Nylon (ii) Wool (iii) Cotton (iv) Silk
• (v) Polyester (vi) Rayon(vii) Acrylic (viii)
  Jute

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State whether the following are true or false and
correct the false statements

• (i) Fibre is the basic unit of all fabrics.
• (iii) Jute is the outer covering of coconut.
• (iv) Silk is prepared from the stem of a plant.
• (v) Polyester is a natural fibre.

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Animal fibres

• Wool is obtained from the fleece (hair) of sheep
  or yak. Silk fibres come from cocoons of the silk
  moth. Do you know which part of the sheeps body
  yields fibres? Are you aware how these fibres are
  converted into the woollen yarn that we buy from
  the market to knit sweaters? Do you have any idea
  how silk fibres are made into silk, which is
  woven into saris?

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WOOL

• Wool comes from sheep, goat, yak and some other
  animals. These wool-yielding animals bear hair on
  their body.
• Why do you think these animals bear hair on their
  body?

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Activity

• Feel the hair on your body and arms and those on
  your head. Do you find any difference? Which one
  seems coarse and which one is soft?

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• The hairy skin of the sheep has two types of
  fibres that form its fleece (i) the coarse beard
  hair, and(ii) the fine soft under-hair close to
  the skin. 
• The fine hair provide the fibres for making wool.
  Some breeds of sheep possess only fine
  under-hair. Their parents are specially chosen to
  give birth to sheep which have only soft
  under-hair. This process of selecting parents for
  obtaining special characters in their offspring,
  such as soft under hair in sheep is called
  selective breeding.

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• The fleece of sheep is not the only source of
  wool.
• Wool is also obtained from goat hair. The under
  fur of Kashmiri goat is soft. It is woven into
  fine shawls called Pashmina shawls.
• The fur (hair) on the body of camels is also used
  as wool.

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Activity

• Collect pictures of animals whose hair is used as
  wool. Stick them in your note book.

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Steps to Commercial Fiber Processing

• Shearing shaving the hair from the sheeps body.
•  Scouring -the removal of all impurities from
  grease wool, using water, detergent, and
  sometimes a mild alkali.
• Drying- The amount of water held by the wool is
  reduce to below 15.Moisture in wool is removed
  by hot, dry air blown through the wool prior to
  being exhausted from the dryer.

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• Sorting The hairy skin is sent to a factory
  where hair of different textures are separated or
  sorted.
• Carding The woollen fibres are disentangled and
  straightned into a continous form.
• Combing, spinning and weaving

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Yarns

• Do you remember pulling a thread from a cloth and
  opening it? Yes, you found hair like fibres. That
  thread which was made of fibres is called yarn.
  Yarns are made up of a number of fibres twisted
  together. Fibres are thin and small and cannot be
  made into a fabric directly. So they are first
  converted into yarns which are longer, thicker
  and stronger. We use these yarns to make fabrics.
• A yarns is a continuous strand made up of a
  number of fibres which are twisted together

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YARN MAKING

• The process of making yarns from fibres is called
  spinning. Here the fibres are not only twisted
  but also pulled out or drawn.
• The spinning process helps to hold the fibres
  together and makes the yarns strong, smooth and
  fine.
• Spinning can be done by using a takli (spindle),
  a charkha or a spinning machine.

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State whether the following are true or false

• Yarn is made of a number of fibres.
• Spinning is a process of making fibres.
• Spinning increases the strength of yarns.
• Twisting increases the strength of the yarns.
• Smoothness of a yarn depends on the twisting of
  the fibres.

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