SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS

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SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS
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• DEFINITION
• are infections that are transmitted by direct
  contact with the genital organs.

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• Until the 1980s syphilis and gonorrhoea were the
  best known and most serious of the STIs.
• Gonorrhoea been around since ancient times
• Syphilis since about 1493 from Americas via
  Captain Columbus.
• HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS HIV
• is now considered the most dangerous STI

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• The number of STIs in developed countries were
  declining as people became more educated about
  safe-sex practices
• BUT
• There has been a gradual increase of STIs in
  recent years.
• - In USA STIs are the most prevalent
  communicable diseases after the common cold.
• No vaccine available.
• Cannot buildup resistance or immunity to STIs.

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GONNORRHOEA
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GONORRHOEA

• The clap
• Mainly affects the mucus membranes of the
  excretory and reproductive systems, the rectum
  and occasionally the eyes.
• Caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoea
• Transmitted during sexual intercourse
• Discharge of pus is the source of transmission

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GONORRHOEA

• Affects both males and females
• Symptoms 2 10 days after infection
• Females might not have symptoms
• Males bacterium enters the urethra
• Burning sensation in penis
• Extreme pain on urination
• Lack of treatment can lead to spread of
  infection to other organs
• Cause
  sterility
• Arthritis
• Heart
  problems

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• Females bacterium enters the vagina and
  spreads to urethra and cervix
• Usually no pain
• Pus discharge usually thought of
  as normal vaginal discharge
• Lack of treatment can lead to spread of
  infection to other organs
• Spread to oviducts
  
• Spread to abdominal
  membranes
• Cause sterility
• .

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• Treatment Antibiotics
• Some strains of the disease are resistant to some
  antibiotics
•  
• Development of a vaccine is the goal of medical
  authorities

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SYPHILIS
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SYPHILIS

• The Pox
• Named after a shepherd who had the disease.
• Caused by the spiral shaped bacterium
  Treponema pallidum
• Transmitted during sexual contact

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• Affects both males and females in the same ways
• Symptoms 10 days to 10 weeks after infection
  
• 3 stages of disease
•  
• Primary bacterium enters the body through a
  break in the skin.
• Small sores on the sex organs
  heals in 3-8 weeks

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• Secondary usually starts a few weeks after
  primary stage
• Can be delayed up to 12
  months
• Skin rashs, sore or
  ulcerated mouths, disorders of the bones
•  
• This stage lasts for up to 2 years after
  infection

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• Tertiary
• latent period where there are no symptoms for
  many years.
•  
• Lack of treatment can lead to spread of
  infection to other organs, nervous system,
• Insanity, physical incapacity, can transfer
  across the placenta and infect the foetus.

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SYPHILIS

• Treatment Antibiotics
• Some strains of the disease are
  resistant to some antibiotics
• Pregnant women are tested for STIs.
• Pregnant women are given antibiotics if they have
  syphilis this will provide treatment to the
  foetus as well as the woman.

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Hepatitis B

• Highly infectious viral disease .
• Spread through the transmission of body fluid.
• - usually transmitted in infected blood but also
  in other body fluids.
• HEPATITIS inflammation of the liver.
• Over 90 of persons infected with HIV also have
  Hepatitis B.

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Hepatitis B

• Symptoms
• Flu-like symptoms including
• Fatigue, fever, headache, nausea, vomiting and
  muscle aches, skin may be yellow (jaundice).
• Liver failure can occur Liver transplant would
  be necessary.

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Hepatitis B

• Treatment
• No cure is available for hepatitis B.
• - can be given medication to manage the disease
• Prophylaxis series of 3 injections

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LESSON 2
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HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS

• - HIV
• The Human Immunodeficiency virus causes
  progressive damage to the bodys immune system.

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ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME

• - AIDS
• The destruction of the immune system which
  leaves a person susceptible to infection by other
  microorganisms and to some forms of cancer.
•  
• AIDS is a fatal disease NO CURE.

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hiv

• HIV is a retro virus
• contains an RNA core
• HIV infects white blood cells T-lymphocytes and
  uses them to produce more of the virus.
• HIV virus attaches itself to a cell with a
  surface molecule called a cluster designation 4
  (CD4).
• This is how the HIV virus fuses with a human
  cell.

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• The process of infection destroys the
  T-lymphocytes until there are not enough of them
  left in the body to protect it from infection.

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STAGES OF INFECTION

• Persons infected with HIV are classified into
  categories depending on the stage of the disease
  and their symptoms.
• Category A
• Category B
• Category C

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CATEGORY A - hiv

• Newly infected individuals develop HIV within 2
  weeks of exposure to the virus.
• Called seroconversion
•  
• Symptoms similar to glandular fever
• Severe lack of energy
• Fevers
• Headache
• Continual dry cough
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Painful muscles and joints
• Symptoms finish after 3 14 days
•  

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CATEGORY A - hiv

• Asymptomatic stage for a period of up to 10
  years there are no symptoms
•  
• However the person is highly infectious.

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CATEGORY B - hiv

• Several months to several years after infection
  the person will progress to category B.
• T-lymphocyte count drops considerably
• Development of illness called Persistent
  generalised lymphadenopathy (AIDS related
  complex).

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CATEGORY B - hiv

• Symptoms
• Swelling in the neck, armpits, groin
• Diarrhoea
• Fatigue
• Weight loss over 5 kg for no apparent reason
• Continual dry cough
• Unexplained bleeding
• Shortness of breath
• Nervous system impairment
• Inability to think clearly
• Loss of memory/judgement

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CATEGORY C - HIV

• Most people in this category have developed AIDS.
• Have various serious conditions including
• Pneumonia
• Cancers
• Brain disorders
• Some people infected with HIV do not progress to
  this stage

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SPREAD OF HIV

• has spread rapidly around the world
• Virus does not survive long outside of the human
  body.
• Infected body fluids must be passed directly into
  a persons bloodstream

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SPREAD OF HIV

• Body fluids that are able to carry enough HIV to
  be infectious
• Blood
• Seminal fluid
• Vaginal and cervical fluids
• Breast milk
• Even though HIV is found in other body fluids it
  is not in large enough quantities to be
  infectious

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• HIV can be spread by
• Unprotected sexual intercourse
• Sharing of needles
• From infected mother to embryo/child
• Breastfeeding
• Unscreened blood transfusions

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PREVENTATIVE MEASURES

• Dont have sexual intercourse
• Dont inject drugs
• Only have protected sex
• No sharing any objects that have been
  contaminated by human blood
• Do not let cuts or sores come into contact with
  human blood

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DIAGNOSIS OF HIV

• Blood test to check for HIV antibodies 2 6
  weeks after suspected infection.
• Follow-up test is recommended 10 12 weeks after
  first test if it is negative to be sure that no
  antibodies have developed.
•  
• VIRAL LOAD
• Blood test to that gives an indication of the
  activity of the HIV virus.

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TREATMENT

• NO cure for HIV
•  
• Many investigations and drug trials are being
  carried out around the world for a cure.
• A mixture (cocktail) of drugs are prescribed to
  HIV patients to inhibit the reproductive cycle of
  the virus.
• Vaccines are being trialled

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AIDS

• First AIDS case in Australia was 1982
• By 2000 9754 cases 5751 had died.

11.26 NEWLY DIAGNOSED HIV CASES(a), AIDS cases and deaths following AIDS(b) 11.26 NEWLY DIAGNOSED HIV CASES(a), AIDS cases and deaths following AIDS(b) 11.26 NEWLY DIAGNOSED HIV CASES(a), AIDS cases and deaths following AIDS(b) 11.26 NEWLY DIAGNOSED HIV CASES(a), AIDS cases and deaths following AIDS(b) 11.26 NEWLY DIAGNOSED HIV CASES(a), AIDS cases and deaths following AIDS(b) 11.26 NEWLY DIAGNOSED HIV CASES(a), AIDS cases and deaths following AIDS(b) 11.26 NEWLY DIAGNOSED HIV CASES(a), AIDS cases and deaths following AIDS(b) 11.26 NEWLY DIAGNOSED HIV CASES(a), AIDS cases and deaths following AIDS(b)

Year of diagnosis Year of diagnosis Year of diagnosis Year of diagnosis Year of diagnosis
Prior to 2003 2003 2004 2005 2006 Total

HIV cases(a) 22 529 871 908 962 998 26 268
AIDS cases(b) 9 172 242 201 243 261 10 119
AIDS deaths(b) 6 353 91 107 78 94 6 723

(a) Not adjusted for multiple reporting. (a) Not adjusted for multiple reporting. (a) Not adjusted for multiple reporting. (a) Not adjusted for multiple reporting. (a) Not adjusted for multiple reporting. (a) Not adjusted for multiple reporting. (a) Not adjusted for multiple reporting. (a) Not adjusted for multiple reporting.
(b) AIDS cases diagnosed and deaths following AIDS in the years from 2002 were adjusted for reporting delays AIDS cases diagnosed and deaths following AIDS in previous years were assumed to be completely reported. (b) AIDS cases diagnosed and deaths following AIDS in the years from 2002 were adjusted for reporting delays AIDS cases diagnosed and deaths following AIDS in previous years were assumed to be completely reported. (b) AIDS cases diagnosed and deaths following AIDS in the years from 2002 were adjusted for reporting delays AIDS cases diagnosed and deaths following AIDS in previous years were assumed to be completely reported. (b) AIDS cases diagnosed and deaths following AIDS in the years from 2002 were adjusted for reporting delays AIDS cases diagnosed and deaths following AIDS in previous years were assumed to be completely reported. (b) AIDS cases diagnosed and deaths following AIDS in the years from 2002 were adjusted for reporting delays AIDS cases diagnosed and deaths following AIDS in previous years were assumed to be completely reported. (b) AIDS cases diagnosed and deaths following AIDS in the years from 2002 were adjusted for reporting delays AIDS cases diagnosed and deaths following AIDS in previous years were assumed to be completely reported. (b) AIDS cases diagnosed and deaths following AIDS in the years from 2002 were adjusted for reporting delays AIDS cases diagnosed and deaths following AIDS in previous years were assumed to be completely reported. (b) AIDS cases diagnosed and deaths following AIDS in the years from 2002 were adjusted for reporting delays AIDS cases diagnosed and deaths following AIDS in previous years were assumed to be completely reported.
Source 'HIV/AIDS, viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia Annual Surveillance Report 2007', National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Source 'HIV/AIDS, viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia Annual Surveillance Report 2007', National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Source 'HIV/AIDS, viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia Annual Surveillance Report 2007', National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Source 'HIV/AIDS, viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia Annual Surveillance Report 2007', National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Source 'HIV/AIDS, viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia Annual Surveillance Report 2007', National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Source 'HIV/AIDS, viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia Annual Surveillance Report 2007', National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Source 'HIV/AIDS, viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia Annual Surveillance Report 2007', National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Source 'HIV/AIDS, viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia Annual Surveillance Report 2007', National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.
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CHLAMYDIA

• Previously known as non-specific urethritis
  (NSU)
• Organism Chlamydia trachomatis
• bacterium
• Treatment with antibiotics
• Infects both men and women

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CHLAMYDIA

• Symptoms only show in men
• Yellow, pus like discharge
• Burning sensation on urination
• Long term damage in men
• Inflammation of epididymis epididymitis
• Sterility

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CHLAMYDIA

• Long term damage in women
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
• Infertility
• Ectopic pregnancies can occur
• Diagnosis of Chlamydia in women is confirmed by
  cervical swab.
• 70 chance that disease will be passed on to
  foetus during birth

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GENITAL HERPES

• Increasingly common
• Herpes simplex type 1 produces cold sores on
  the lip
• Herpes simplex type 2 results in blisters on
  genitals
• Disease is not curable

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• Symptoms
•  
• Painful blisters on penis/labia and vagina
•  
• Virus can reinfect at any time and the blisters
  will recur
•  
• Can cause serious malformations and
  life-threatening diseases in children bornto
  infected mothers.
•  
• - children get delivered by caesarean section
•  

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• TREATMENT
• Medication to reduce the pain
• Sexual abstinence during blister eruption
• Anti-viral drugs
• Vaccine available for women does not work for
  men

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GENITAL WARTS

• Caused by a virus human papillomavirus
• Associated with cervical cancer detected by a
  PAP smear
• Usually found Vagina, Labia, Cervix, Penis
• Also found Anus Throat
• A newborn child can become infected during
  passage through birth canal

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PUBIC LICE AND SCABIES

• Both cause intense itching in the genital area
• Louse (insect) Phthirus pubis
• Scabies (mite) Sarcoptes scabei
•  
• Intense scratching due to allergic reaction to
  the lice or their faeces
• Transmission through either sexual contact or
  sharing same bed

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TRICHOMONIASIS

• Infection caused by a protozoan Trichomonas
  vaginalis
• Causes inflammation of the mucus membranes of the
  vagina in women and the urethra in men.
• Symptoms in women
• Vaginal discharge and severe vaginal itch
• No symptoms in men

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CONTROL OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS

• What can be done to decrease the incidence of
  sexually transmitted infections?
• Effective health education
• Safe sex practises
• Identifying high risk groups
• Sexual health clinics
• Tracing of sexual contacts