Reconciliation vs. Coexistence

1
Reconciliation vs. Coexistence
2

• Strategies for Co-existence and Reconciliation
• Top-down
• From the inside
• From the outside
• Lateral (Middle-Range Leaders)
• From the inside
• From the outside
• Bottom-up
• From the inside
• From the outside
• Louis Kriesberg

John Paul Lederach
3

• Types of Peace
• Separate Disentangle (Co-Existence)
• Associate Entangle (Reconciliation)
• Goal of Peace
• Restore reestablish trust, value (Overcoming
  distrust)
• Build create trust, value (Creating trust)

4

• Transition from Conflict to Peace
• Beliefs about societal goals
• Beliefs about the adversary
• Beliefs about the ingroup
• Beliefs about intergroup relations
• Beliefs about peace

5

• Coexistence
• It reflects an accommodation between members of
  different communities or separate countries who
  live together without trying to destroy or
  severely harm the other.
• Often, coexistence can involve competition and
  conflict if conducted through legitimate
  channels, as well as differences in values,
  cultural patterns, economic standing and
  political power.
• It is based on a sense of mutual tolerance and
  even respect.

6
Psychological Prerequisites for Mutual Acceptance
(Kelman) 1. Both side had to acquire insight
into each others perspective so that they could
understand the resistance to acceptance. 2. Each
side had to see that there were reasonable people
on the other side and that there were issues to
talk about, rather than that the two sets of
demands were mutually exclusive. 3. Each side had
to distinguish the ideological dreams and
rhetoric from the operational programs of the
other. Israel had to be persuaded that the
Palestine dream of a united Palestine did not
preclude the acceptance of the State of Israel
and a stable peace with it. Palestinians had to
be persuaded that the Zionist dream of the
ingathering of exiles did not necessitate
expansionist policies of annexation and
settlement. 4. Both sides had to see that mutual
concessions could bring about change leading
toward resolution. 5. Each side had to believe
that leadership changes conducive to a stable
peace could take place in the other side.
Israelis had to be convinced that the PLO was
becoming a political organization (as opposed to
terrorist one). Palestinians had to be convinced
that the hard-line politics of the current
Israeli government could become more
conciliatory. 6. Each side had to see
responsiveness to its human psychological needs
by the other side through symbolic gestures.
7
Coexistence
Instable
Coercion
Integration
8

• What is Reconciliation?
• Truth
• Justice
• Forgiveness/remorse
• Safety/Security

9
The Foundations of Political Life
1. Unpredictability
Ability to make promises
2. Irreversibility
Ability to forgive
Hannah Arendt The Human Condition
10
When is reconciliation an appropriate
framework? When you cant get what you want
without the help of the other.
11
Definition of Trust belief in, and willingness
to act on the basic of, the words, actions, and
decisions of another Trust has relevance only to
situations in which there exists some degree of
uncertainty or risk.
12
The Paradox of Trust You need trust to develop
trust.
13
Rousseau Development of Civil Society Common
Knowledge
14
Trust/Distrust Trust Confident positive
expectations Distrust Confident negative
expectations All relationship are degrees of
trust and distrust CBT, CBD, IBT.IBD. Creating
trust in a relationship is initially a matter of
building CBT
15
Calculation-based Trust (CBT) i) People will do
what they promise because they fear the costs of
not doing it and because they want the
rewards ii) Professional relationship that are
task oriented iii) Goal are external to the
relationship iv) Tend to be partial and fragile
although they can also be the early stages of a
more intimate personal relationship.
16
Identification-based trust i) Identification with
anothers desires and interests understand and
appreciate what the other wants. ii) True
affirmation of the strength of IBT is when the
other party act more zealously in behalf of your
interests than you would do. iii) Collective
identity creating joint products and goals or
commitment to commonly shared values
17

• Calculation-based Trust
• Trusting what someone does
• Identification-based Trust
• Trusting what someone is about

18
Actions that build CBT We tend to see people who
act consistently and reliably as credible and
trustworthy. 1. Behave in appropriate and
consistent ways 2. Meet deadlines 3. Perform task
and follow through with planned activities as
promised
19
Strategies to manage CBD (1) Agree explicitly on
expectations tasks, deadlines, penalties,
etc. (2) Agree on monitoring and verification
procedures (3) Cultivate alternative ways to
have ones need met (4) Increase the others
awareness of how their performance is
perceived Example Decommissioning in Northern
Ireland
20
Actions that build IBT (1) Spend time sharing (2)
Common interests (3) Common goals and
objectives (4) Similar reactions to common
situations (a) Situations where they stand for
the same values and principles, thereby
demonstrating integrity (5) Find ways to
demonstrate that you have the interests of the
other at heart (6) We are likely to build IBT
only with those whom we feel we legitimately
share goals, interests, perceptions and values
and if we meet under circumstance that facilitate
our learning about this similarity.
21
Strategies to manage IBD (1) To develop
sufficient CBT so that the parties with
straightforward behavioral expectations that each
has about the relationship (2) Opening
acknowledge areas of mutual distrust and design
safeguards (3) Design ways to keep IBD issues
form interfering with ability to work together