Discovering Real Social Groups in Contemporary Russia

1
Discovering Real Social Groups in Contemporary
Russia

• Gordey Yastrebov
• Research Associate
• State University Higher School of Economics
• Russia, Moscow

2
Socio-Occupational Classification

• System restrictions
• Certain types of economic activity are
  historically less stable, than the social classes
  they are associated with
• Russian specifics occupations are associated
  with certain character of labor and not
  particular status characteristics

3
Socio-Occupational Classification

• Classification criteria
• 1) balance of executive and organizational
  functions
• 2) level of creativity and diversification of
  functions
• 3) degree of labor self-organization
• 4) labor complexity (education required)
• 5) economic value of labor (income)

4
Social Stratification in Post-Soviet Russia
Social strata 1994 2002 2006
Entrepreneurs 2.6 4.4 4.0
Officials and upper middle managers 1.3 0.7 0.9
Middle managers 1.3 1.6 1.6
Supervisors 7.5 7.2 7.6
Highly skilled professionals 8.2 3.5 4.2
Professionals with higher education 18.6 14.3 12.5
Professionals with specialized secondary education 19.1 14.1 11.7
White-collar workers (in trade and service sectors) 3.5 10.9 9.8
Skilled and highly skilled workers 25.2 26.8 32.4
Semi and unskilled workers 12.7 16.7 14.1
Self-employed workers - - 1.2
Total 100 100 100
5
Post-Soviet Russia Compared to Other European
Countries
Countries Social strata Social strata Social strata Social strata Social strata Social strata Social strata
Countries I II III IV V VI VII
Russia 6.3 21.2 20.9 2.0 5.0 29.5 14.9
Czech Republic 7.9 19.6 21.2 10.1 4.7 17.4 19.2
Hungary 11.9 16.8 16.8 14.0 3.1 15.6 21.9
Poland 10.6 17.6 14.9 22.0 3.5 14.3 17.2
Slovenia 15.6 19.5 22.1 7.8 6.5 15.6 13.0
Germany 10.8 22.1 29.6 7.4 4.3 13.3 12.4
Spain 8.2 19.4 16.7 13.4 2.7 13.6 26.2
Classes according to EGP scheme I higher-grade professionals, administrators, and officials, managers in large industrial establishments, large proprietors, II lower-grade professionals, administrators, and officials, higher grade technicians, managers in small industrial establishments supervisors of non-manual employees, III routine non-manual workers, clerical workers, sales personnel, and other rank and file employees in services, IV small proprietors, including farmers and smallholders, self employed artisans and all other own account workers apart from professionals, V supervisors of manual workers and lower grade technicians (to some extent manual work), VI skilled manual workers in all branches of industry, VII semi and unskilled manual workers in industry and agricultural workers. Classes according to EGP scheme I higher-grade professionals, administrators, and officials, managers in large industrial establishments, large proprietors, II lower-grade professionals, administrators, and officials, higher grade technicians, managers in small industrial establishments supervisors of non-manual employees, III routine non-manual workers, clerical workers, sales personnel, and other rank and file employees in services, IV small proprietors, including farmers and smallholders, self employed artisans and all other own account workers apart from professionals, V supervisors of manual workers and lower grade technicians (to some extent manual work), VI skilled manual workers in all branches of industry, VII semi and unskilled manual workers in industry and agricultural workers. Classes according to EGP scheme I higher-grade professionals, administrators, and officials, managers in large industrial establishments, large proprietors, II lower-grade professionals, administrators, and officials, higher grade technicians, managers in small industrial establishments supervisors of non-manual employees, III routine non-manual workers, clerical workers, sales personnel, and other rank and file employees in services, IV small proprietors, including farmers and smallholders, self employed artisans and all other own account workers apart from professionals, V supervisors of manual workers and lower grade technicians (to some extent manual work), VI skilled manual workers in all branches of industry, VII semi and unskilled manual workers in industry and agricultural workers. Classes according to EGP scheme I higher-grade professionals, administrators, and officials, managers in large industrial establishments, large proprietors, II lower-grade professionals, administrators, and officials, higher grade technicians, managers in small industrial establishments supervisors of non-manual employees, III routine non-manual workers, clerical workers, sales personnel, and other rank and file employees in services, IV small proprietors, including farmers and smallholders, self employed artisans and all other own account workers apart from professionals, V supervisors of manual workers and lower grade technicians (to some extent manual work), VI skilled manual workers in all branches of industry, VII semi and unskilled manual workers in industry and agricultural workers. Classes according to EGP scheme I higher-grade professionals, administrators, and officials, managers in large industrial establishments, large proprietors, II lower-grade professionals, administrators, and officials, higher grade technicians, managers in small industrial establishments supervisors of non-manual employees, III routine non-manual workers, clerical workers, sales personnel, and other rank and file employees in services, IV small proprietors, including farmers and smallholders, self employed artisans and all other own account workers apart from professionals, V supervisors of manual workers and lower grade technicians (to some extent manual work), VI skilled manual workers in all branches of industry, VII semi and unskilled manual workers in industry and agricultural workers. Classes according to EGP scheme I higher-grade professionals, administrators, and officials, managers in large industrial establishments, large proprietors, II lower-grade professionals, administrators, and officials, higher grade technicians, managers in small industrial establishments supervisors of non-manual employees, III routine non-manual workers, clerical workers, sales personnel, and other rank and file employees in services, IV small proprietors, including farmers and smallholders, self employed artisans and all other own account workers apart from professionals, V supervisors of manual workers and lower grade technicians (to some extent manual work), VI skilled manual workers in all branches of industry, VII semi and unskilled manual workers in industry and agricultural workers. Classes according to EGP scheme I higher-grade professionals, administrators, and officials, managers in large industrial establishments, large proprietors, II lower-grade professionals, administrators, and officials, higher grade technicians, managers in small industrial establishments supervisors of non-manual employees, III routine non-manual workers, clerical workers, sales personnel, and other rank and file employees in services, IV small proprietors, including farmers and smallholders, self employed artisans and all other own account workers apart from professionals, V supervisors of manual workers and lower grade technicians (to some extent manual work), VI skilled manual workers in all branches of industry, VII semi and unskilled manual workers in industry and agricultural workers. Classes according to EGP scheme I higher-grade professionals, administrators, and officials, managers in large industrial establishments, large proprietors, II lower-grade professionals, administrators, and officials, higher grade technicians, managers in small industrial establishments supervisors of non-manual employees, III routine non-manual workers, clerical workers, sales personnel, and other rank and file employees in services, IV small proprietors, including farmers and smallholders, self employed artisans and all other own account workers apart from professionals, V supervisors of manual workers and lower grade technicians (to some extent manual work), VI skilled manual workers in all branches of industry, VII semi and unskilled manual workers in industry and agricultural workers.
6
Individual Private Property Distribution in
Post-Soviet Russia
Social strata Share of enterprise owners Share of enterprise owners Share of enterprise owners Share of securities owners Share of securities owners Share of securities owners
Social strata 1994 2002 2006 1994 2002 2006
Enterpreneurs 42.6 57.0 82.6 20.5 4.7 21.8
Officials and upper middle managers 12.0 28.6 38.1 31.4 14.3 45.0
Middle managers 9.0 12.5 8.3 41.5 12.5 11.1
Highly skilled professionals 5.6 3.0 6.2 27.8 9.0 11.3
Professionals with higher education 6.9 3.3 2.1 18.9 8.7 8.5
White-collar workers (in trade and service sectors) 3.6 2.9 1.8 23.2 3.3 3.2
Skilled and highly skilled workers 3.9 0.6 1.6 20.0 8.0 5.0
Semi and unskilled workers 10.1 0.7 1.4 27.2 4.7 2.8
7
List of Properties Included in Entropy Analysis
Groups of properties Content of properties
Economic resource ownership of a firm/enterprise ownership of shares/bonds nature of primary income realty in property type of realty
Human resource occupation education foreign language skills computer skills compliance with qualification health
Authority level of authority
Values and motivation attempt to start up a business plans for further education desire for harder and more responsible work additional work
8
List of Properties Included in Entropy Analysis
Groups of properties Content of properties
Social resource social capital indicator mothers occupation fathers occupation partners occupation friends occupation parents well-being
Cultural resource leisure variety indicator size of library
Acquired resources income per family member housing space per family member general family well-being marketed services (parents) marketed services (children)
Social environment sector of employment form of ownership (where employed) territorial environment (settlement type)
gender
9
First 10 Combinations with Maximum Entropy
? HN Combinations
1 0.730 ownership of a firm/enterprise, ownership of a shares/bonds, nature of primary income
2 0.729 attempt to start up a business, ownership of a firm/enterprise, ownership of a shares/bonds
3 0.706 ownership of a firm/enterprise, ownership of a shares/bonds, level of authority
4 0.705 attempt to start up a business, ownership of a firm/enterprise, nature of primary income
5 0.683 ownership of a firm/enterprise, nature of primary income, level of authority
6 0.678 attempt to start up a business, ownership of a firm/enterprise, level of authority
7 0.672 foreign language skills, ownership of a firm/enterprise, ownership of a shares/bonds
8 0.667 attempt to start up a business, ownership of a shares/bonds, nature of primary income
9 0.664 additional work, ownership of a firm/enterprise, ownership of a shares/bonds
10 0.660 ownership of a shares/bonds, nature of primary income, level of authority
10
Clusters in Power-Property Set of Coordinates
Properties Cluster Centers Cluster Centers Cluster Centers Cluster Centers Cluster Centers Cluster Centers Cluster Centers Cluster Centers Cluster Centers Cluster Centers
Properties 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Owners of a firm/enterprise No No Yes No No No No No Yes No
Owners of shares/bonds No No No No No Yes No No Yes No
Level of authority 0.00 7.05 5.52 2.84 4.43 0.00 2.06 5.67 6.78 3.59
Number of observations 1844 28 66 60 145 87 36 85 24 88
from total 74.0 1.1 2.6 2.4 5.8 3.5 1.4 3.4 0.1 3.5
11
Concluding Remarks

• Two alternative methods for constructing of real
  social groups used
• Entropy method in contemporary Russia economic
  capital and authority (power) rather than
  occupations determine inequality and social
  structure
• Particular type of social stratification estate
  hierarchy determined through authority with some
  elements of class differentiation