Research Methods

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Research Methods

• ???

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?????????

• ??????
• ?????
• ??????
• ???
• ?????

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?????????

• ????? (Idealism)
• ????
• ???????

• ????? (Empiricism)
• ???????????????????????????
• ?????????
• Induction ???

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• ?????(Rationalism)
• ????????(known laws)????
• ????????,?????????

• ?????(Existentialism)

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?????
???? (???????)

• ??

?????(??????)
?????(??????)

• ?????

• ?????

• ??

• ????

• ??????

????(?????)
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?????????

• ??? Deductive method
• ??? Inductive method

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Deductive reasoning ???

• ??????,????????(premise) ????
• ?????(true),???????????(valid)

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????

• Fact 1 All managers are human beings.
• Fact 2 John is a manager,
• Conclusion John Smith is a human being.

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Inductive reasoning ???

• ????????????????????????
• ????????????
• ???????????????,?????????????????

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????

• Fact 1 ??,????
• Conclusion 1 (hypothesis 1) ????
• Conclusion 2 (hypothesis 2) ????
• Fact 1 Nancy ???
• Hypothesis 1 Nancy ??????
• Hypothesis 2 Nancy ??????
• Hypothesis 3 Nancy ??????????

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????????

• ??? ???

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????????
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????????
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EXAMPLE
Fact 1 ???call?
Fact 2 ???????
Hypothesis ????
Fact 2 ?????????
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• ???? ??? ???
• ??(????) ????

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Theory??
?????????????,????????????????????,????????,??,??
????????
Karl R. Popper
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Theory ??

• ??
• ???(construct)??????(proposition)?????????,???????
  ????????????
• ??????,???????
• ???????????,??????????(phenomena)
• ?????
• ??
• Understanding
• Prediction

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Theory
Proposition ??
Construct ??
Construct ??
Hypothesis ??
Variable ??
Variable ??
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• ?? ? ?? ? ??

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THEORY AND SONG

• A fact without a theory
• Is like a ship without a sail,
• Is like a boat without a rudder,
• Is like a kite without a tail.
• A fact without a theory is a tragic final act,
• But one thing worse in this universe
• Is a theory WITHOUT a fact

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Concept ??(??)

• ??????,??,????????
• ??
• ?????
• ????????
• ??????,??????????
• ??
• ????,??
• ?? leadership, ???
• ????????construct (??)

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?????????( LADDER OF ABSTRACTION)
? ?
?????
?????
? ?
? ?
? ?
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Construct ??

• ??????????
• ??????
• ????,??multi-dimensional (????)
• Dimension ?? (???)
• Example job satisfaction

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??vs.??
??????
?????? ???? ???? ????
?????? ???? ???? ????
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??Definition

• ???????????????????????????
• ??Selection ???????????????????.
• ?????????????????????????

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Types of Definition

• ????? (conceptual definition)
• ????????????????
• ??-????????????????????
• ??-??????
• ????? (operational definition)
• ?????????????????
• ????????????(??)???????
• ??-???????,???????
• ??-?????????

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??Variable

• ?????????????????,?????? (components)
• ?? (?????)
• ??? (??)
• ??? (??)
• ?? (??)

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?? Proposition

• ????????,????????????
• ????????,?????????
• ?????????????,??????data??????

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??Hypothesis

• ????????,????????????
• ????????,????????

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?????

• ??,?????????
• ??????????????????????
• ?????????
• ?? Why or How

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?????

• ?????
• ?????
• ????
• ?????
• More than two variables
• ??????????????????????
• ?????
• More than two variables
• ???? Relational hypothesis
• ?????????????????????
• ???? Causal hypothesis
• ???????????????????????
• ????????
• ???? alternative hypothesis (H1)
• ???? null hypothesis (Ho)

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What is a Good Hypothesis?

• A good hypothesis should fulfill three
  conditions
• ????????
• ?????????
• ????????????
• ??????????

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??

• ????????
• ??? ? ???

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Proposition at abstract level
??
????

Hypothesis at Empirical level
??????
??? ??? ???
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• ??(construct)
• ????
• ??

• ??(variable)
• ??????8??
• ?????
• ??????????
• ???
• ???
• ???

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• Proposition
• ???????????
• Hypotheses
• ??????,????
• ??????,????
• ??????,????

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Variables Hypotheses
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?????

• ???????
• ?????????
• ?????????
• ??????????????

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???????

• ???? (Dependent variable)
• ??? (Independent variable)
• ???? (Moderating Variable)
• ???? (Extraneous variable)
• ???? (Intervening variable or Mediator)

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???? vs. ???

• ???? (X)
• ??????
• ??? (Y)
• ??????
• ?????? factors (??)
• ?????,?????Levels
• Vitamin C ??????
• Factor (????100gm, 500gm, 1000gm)
• Level 1 Level
  2 Level 3

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???? vs. ???

• ??4?????????????

4 work day
Productivity
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???? (Moderating V.)

• ??X ? Y ??,???????
• ???????? X
• ??????? (block variable)

????
Y
X
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• Example
• ?????????,???????,??????????????
• X ????
• Y ???
• Moderating V ??

???
????
????
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???? (Extraneous V.)

• Similar to ?????????
• ????????DV ? IV ?????
• ?????????????????????,?????????????
• Control variable ????

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???? Intervening Variable

• ?????????(??)??
• ?? X Y ??
• ???????X(IV) ? Y(DV)

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???? ????
?????
????
?????
???
??????
????
????
???
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??????

• ???????
• Categorical variable ????
• ???? (dichotomized variable)
• ???? (polytomized variable)
• Continuous variable ????
• ????????
• ??,??,??,??

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??????

• ????????????
• ???? antecedent
• ???? consequence

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Exercise

• ????????????????,????????????????,????????????????
  ?????????????????
• ??????????????

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• Independent variable ????
• Dependent variable ????
• Moderator variable ??
• Control variable ?????

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???????
????
Scientific attitude
Components of science
Scientific thinking
Scientific knowledge
????
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