Optics

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Optics
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• Ibn Sahl 984
• Laws of refraction

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• Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)
• Book of optics 1011-21.
• Ray theories of light
• Human Visual System
• Development of Optical Technology

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Behavior of light through a pin-hole
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• 300 BCEuclid (Alexandria) In his Optica he noted
  that light travels in straight lines and
  described the law of reflection. He believed that
  vision involves rays going from the eyes to the
  object seen
• 965-1020Ibn-al-Haitham
• 1267Roger Bacon (England) speed of light is
  finite and that it is propagated through a medium
  in a manner analogous to the propagation of sound
• 1303Bernard of Gordon (France). A Physician, he
  mentioned the use of spectacles as a way of
  correcting long-sightedness
• 1590Zacharius Jensen (Netherlands). Constructed
  a compound microscope with a converging objective
  lens and a diverging eye lens
• 1604Johannes Kepler (Germany). In his book Ad
  Vitellionem Paralipomena, Kepler suggested that
  the intensity of light from a point source varies
  inversely with the square of the distance from
  the source
• 1608Hans Lippershey (Netherlands). Constructed a
  telescope with a converging objective lens and a
  diverging eye lens
• 1610Galileo Galilei (Italy). Using his telescope,
  Galileo reported several astronomical discoveries
  including that Jupiter has four moons
• 1666Isaac Newton (England). Described the
  splitting up of white light into its component
  colours when it is passed through a prism
• 1865James Clerk Maxwell (Scotland). concluded
  that light is a form of electromagnetic wave
• 1887Heinrich Hertz (Germany). Accidentally
  discovered the photoelectric effect
• 1905Albert Einstein (Germany). Explained the
  photoelectric effect on the basis that light is
  quantized, the quanta subsequently becoming known
  as photons
• 1900Max Karl Planck (Germany). Constant
• 1913Neils Henrik David Bohr (Denmark). Atomic
  energy
• 1948Dennis Gabor ( b.Hungary). Described the
  principles of wavefront reconstruction, later to
  become known as holography
• 1958Arthur L Schawlow and Charles H Townes (USA).
  Laser

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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Nimrud Lens 7th C BC
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1st Painting showing spectacles 1352
1353
1410
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• 1635 ATHANASIUS KIRCHER (1602 - 1680)Kircher was
  a scholar at Rome who was made professor of
  mathematics. He observed the sun using the camera
  obscura.

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• Illustration from Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae,
  Athanasius Kircher's seminal 1646 treatise on
  light and shadow. In explaining the principle of
  the camera obscura, the illustration associates
  the image and the shadow with the devil.

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Camera Obscura
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Table of Optics 1728
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Joseph Nicephore Niepce 1822
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First Daguerreotype 1837
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Equipment for making daguerreotypes from an ad
1843
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• Louis Jacques Daguerre (1787-1851) - London 1847

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Robert Cornelius's 1839 self-portrait
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