Balloon-Borne Sounding System (BBSS)

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Balloon-Borne Sounding System (BBSS)

• Used for atmospheric profiling
• Measures P, T, RH, wind speed and direction
• Uncertainties arise from incorrect surface
  conditions, humidity sensor saturation or icing,
  and interference and signal confusion from other
  radiosondes.
• An in situ measurement used for validation of
  remote sensers

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Balloon-Borne Sounding System (BBSS)
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Multifilter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (MFRSR)

• Measures column ozone and water vapor
• Instrument takes spectral measurements of direct
  normal, diffuse horizontal, and total horizontal
  solar irradiances
• measurements taken every 20s (SGP site)

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SODAR

• Measures profile of wind
• Transmits a short pulse of sound which is
  refracted by the small scale turbulence in the
  atmosphere.
• radial velocity of the air can be determined by
  measuring the Doppler shift of the sound being
  refracted from the turbulence.
• The range of the turbulence is determined from
  the delay between the transmission of the
  acoustic pulse, and the reception of the
  refracted signal
• http//www.wx.rutgers.edu/PAM/SODARdata.shtml

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SODAR
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Radio Wind Profiler (RWP)

• Measures wind and virtual temp profiles
• transmits electromagnetic energy into the
  atmosphere and measures the strength and
  frequency of backscattered energy
• Radio Acoustic Sounding System (RASS) at PAM site
• http//www.wx.rutgers.edu/PAM/RASSdata.shtml

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Barrow, AK
Lamont, OK
Manus, Papua New Guinea
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Microwave Radiometer (MWR)

• provides time-series measurements of
  column-integrated water vapor and liquid water
• Measures microwave radiation at 23.8 and 31.4 GHz
• WV dominates the 23.8GHz channel
• Cloud liquid in the atmosphere dominates the 31.4
  GHz frequency

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Net Radiometer

• help determine the total energy exchange
• provides measurements of shortwave (solar) and
  longwave (atmospheric or infrared) irradiances
  for downwelling and upwelling components.
• DS DNIcos(Z)DD
• US DS?
• DS ETR
• DNI ETRN
• IR TtpC1sTc4-C2s(Td4-Tc4)

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Net Radiometers
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MicroPulse Lidar (MPL)

• optical remote sensing system designed
• to determine the altitude of clouds overhead
• Pulses of energy are transmitted into the
  atmosphere the energy scattered back to the
  transceiver is collected and measured as a
  time-resolved signal
• time delay between each outgoing transmitted
  pulse and the backscattered signal used to infer
  the distance to the scatterer

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Vaisala Ceilometer (VCEIL)

• ground-based, active, remote-sensing device
  designed to measure cloud-base height at up to
  three levels and potential backscatter signals by
  aerosols
• transmits near-infrared pulses of light, and the
  receiver telescope detects the light scattered
  back by clouds and precipitation

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Millimeter-Wavelength Cloud Radar

• Determines cloud boundaries, radar reflectivity
  and vertical velocity
• transmitts a pulse of millimeter-wave energy from
  its transmitter through the antenna.
• energy propogates through the atmosphere until it
  hits objects that reflect some of the energy back
  to the MMCR (clouds, precipitation, insects,
  spider webs, etc.)
• received signal is split into two channels,
  termed I and Q (for in-phase and quadrature).
• Any radars sensitivity is proportional to the
  transmit power, the square of the antenna gain,
  and the square of the radar's wavelength. The
  sensitivity is inversely proportional to the
  square of the range from the radar to the target.

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Websites

• http//apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met455/notes/sec
  tion8/3.html