Improving Food Safety by Poultry Carcass Mapping

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Improving Food Safety by Poultry Carcass Mapping

• Thomas P. Oscar, Ph.D.
• USDA, ARS
• Princess Anne, MD

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Definition Poultry Carcass Map

• Map of the distribution of pathogens on the
  carcass of poultry.

Salmonella
Campylobacter
Listeria
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Military Map War on Pathogens

• Location
• Number
• Types

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Why Poultry Carcass Maps?
To better assess and manage food safety risks!
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Microbial EcologyPathogen is a minority member
of the microbial community

• Unattached
• surface water layer
• Attached
• biofilms

• Entrapped
• skin crevices
• feather follicles
• deep tissues

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Carcass Sampling Methods

• Rinse
• Swab
• Sponge
• Excision

These methods will not produce an accurate
carcass map
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Whole Carcass Enrichment

• Detects all pathogens present.
• Can be used to determine pathogen numbers.

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Whole Carcass Enrichment Concepts and principles
for enumeration
lt 1 CFU/ml
gt 3 CFU/ml
pathogen
pre-enrichment broth
competitor
carcass part
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Whole Sample EnrichmentStandard Curve for
Enumeration
Oscar, T. P. (2004) J. Food Prot. 67(6)1201-1208.
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Poultry Carcass MappingConcepts and Principles
Cornish Game Hen
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Step 1Divide Carcass into 12 Parts
A Wing, left 41 g
B Wing, right 41 g
G Back, rib 67 g
D Breast, right front 60 g
C Breast, left front 62 g
E Breast, left back 35 g
F Breast, right back 37 g
I Thigh, left 48 g
J Thigh, right 50 g
H Back, sacral 77 g
K Drumstick, left 45 g
L Drumstick, right 48 g
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Step 2Spot Inoculate with 1 to 106 CFU of a MDR
Salmonella
2 µl
5 µl
A Wing, left 0.5-1 log
B Wing, right 0.5-1 log
G Back, rib 3.5-4 log
D Breast, right front 1.5-2 log
C Breast, left front 1.5-2 log
A
B
G
D
C
E Breast, left back 2.5-3 log
F Breast, right back 2.5-3 log
F
E
H
J
I
I Thigh, left 4.5-5 log
J Thigh, right 4.5-5 log
L
K
H Back, sacral 3.5-4 log
K Drumstick, left 5.5-6 log
L Drumstick, right 5.5-6 log
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Distribution of Salmonellain a 5 µl drop of a 3
log/ml diluted culture
Oscar, T. P. (2009) J. Food Prot. 72304-314
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Step 3Incubate whole parts in 300 ml BPW at 40?C
and 100 rpm for 24 h
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Step 4Sample and drop plate (2 µl) onto XLH-CATS
_at_ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 24 h
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Step 5Incubate XLH-CATS plates _at_ 38?C for 24 h
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Step 6Capture the Image
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Step 7Convert to Monochrome Image
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Step 8Count pixels
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Step 9Determine Detection Time
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Step 10Develop a Standard Curve
No 7.78 0.61 (0.995DT)
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Limitation Only MDR strainsSolution Real-time
PCR or Impedance
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Qualitative MapCornish Game Hen _at_ Retail
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Qualitative Map
Obtain chickens from retail
Divide carcass into 12 parts
Incubate part in BPW (300 ml)
Transfer 0.1 ml of BPW enrichment to RV broth
B
A
Streak RV broth enrichment onto XLT4
G
D
C
F
E
Grow suspect colony in BHI broth
H
J
I
Store isolate at 70C
L
K
Serotype, R-type and pulsotype
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Salmonella serotype Salmonella serotype Salmonella serotype Salmonella serotype Salmonella serotype Salmonella serotype
Antibiotic Resistance Profile Thompson Thompson Kentucky Typhimurium Glostrup Enteritidis n
Pansusceptable Pansusceptable 1 1 3 5 2.8
Ax-Am-Ce-Su-Te Ax-Am-Ce-Su-Te 1 136 137 75.7
Ax-Am-Ce-K-Su-Te Ax-Am-Ce-K-Su-Te 24 24 13.3
Am-Cm-Su-Te Am-Cm-Su-Te 7 7 3.9
Ax-Am-Ce-Te Ax-Am-Ce-Te 1 1 0.6
Ax-Am-Ce-Cef-Su-Te Ax-Am-Ce-Cef-Su-Te 1 1 0.6
G-Su-Te G-Su-Te 4 4 2.2
Ax-Am-Su-Te Ax-Am-Su-Te 1 1 0.6
Ax-Am-Ce-Cef-K-Su-Te Ax-Am-Ce-Cef-K-Su-Te 1 1 0.6
n 1 1 2 171 4 3 181
0.6 0.6 1.1 94.5 2.2 1.7    
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Parts 181/840 (21.5) Carcasses 40/70
(57.1) 37 different patterns
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April 17, 2006
April 25, 2006
May 22, 2006
A
B
A
B
A
B
Pos.
G
G
G
D
C
D
C
D
C
Neg.
F
E
F
E
F
E
H
H
H
J
I
J
I
J
I
L
K
L
K
L
K
May 30, 2006
June 5, 2006
June 12, 2006
A
B
A
B
A
B
G
G
G
D
C
D
C
D
C
F
E
F
E
F
E
H
H
H
J
I
J
I
J
I
L
K
L
K
L
K
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April 17, 2006
April 25, 2006
May 22, 2006
Pos.
G Back, rib Thompson Pansusceptable
L Drumstick, right Kentucky AxAmCeSuTe
C Breast, left front Typhimurium AxAmCeSuTe
Neg.
B
B
B
A
A
A
G
G
G
D
C
D
C
D
C
F
E
F
E
F
E
H
H
H
J
I
J
I
J
I
L
K
L
K
L
K
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October 16, 2006
A Wing, left Typhimurium Pansusceptable
G Back, rib Typhimurium AxAmCeKSuTe
Pos.
C Breast, left front Kentucky AxAmCeTe
B
A
Neg.
G
D
C
F
E
H
J
I
L
K
n 33 with gt 1 contaminated part n 33 with gt 1 contaminated part
Serotype 12.1 (4/33)
Ab resistance pattern 33.3 (11/33)
PFGE pattern 100 (33/33)
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Nov. 6, 2006
Nov. 13, 2006
Nov. 27, 2006
A
B
A
B
A
B
Pos.
G
G
G
D
C
D
C
D
C
Neg.
F
E
F
E
F
E
H
H
H
J
I
J
I
J
I
L
K
L
K
L
K
Dec. 4, 2006
Dec. 4, 2006
Jan. 8, 2006
A
B
A
B
A
B
G
G
G
D
C
D
C
D
C
F
E
F
E
F
E
H
H
H
J
I
J
I
J
I
L
K
L
K
L
K
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Dec. 4, 2006
Pos.
A Wing, left Typhimurium AxAmCeSuTe
B Wing, right Typhimurium AxAmCeSuTe
G Back, rib Typhimurium AxAmCeSuTe
Neg.
B
A
G
D
C
F
E
H
J
I
L
K
H Back, sacral Typhimurium AxAmCeSuTe
L Drumstick, right Typhimurium AxAmCeSuTe
PFGE patterns 100 similarity
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Jan. 22, 2007
Feb. 5, 2007
Feb. 20, 2007
A
B
A
B
A
B
Pos.
G
G
G
D
C
D
C
D
C
Neg.
F
E
F
E
F
E
H
H
H
J
I
J
I
J
I
L
K
L
K
L
K
Feb. 26, 2007
March 12, 2007
March 5, 2007
A
B
A
B
A
B
G
G
G
D
C
D
C
D
C
F
E
F
E
F
E
H
H
H
J
I
J
I
J
I
L
K
L
K
L
K
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March 5, 2007
Pos.
A Wing, left Typhimurium AxAmCeSuTe
B Wing, right Typhimurium AxAmCeSuTe
G Back, rib Typhimurium AxAmCeSuTe
Neg.
D Breast, right front Typhimurium AxAmCeSuTe
C Breast, left front Typhimurium AxAmCeSuTe
B
A
G
D
C
E Breast, left back Typhimurium AxAmCeSuTe
F Breast, right back Typhimurium AxAmCeSuTe
F
E
H
J
I
L
K
H Back, sacral Typhimurium AxAmCeSuTe
K Drumstick, left Typhimurium AxAmCeSuTe
L Drumstick, right Typhimurium AxAmCeSuTe
PFGE patterns 100 similarity
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March 26, 2007
April 2, 2007
April 9, 2007
A
B
A
B
A
B
Pos.
G
G
G
D
C
D
C
D
C
Neg.
F
E
F
E
F
E
H
H
H
J
I
J
I
J
I
L
K
L
K
L
K
April 16, 2007
April 30, 2007
April 23, 2007
A
B
A
B
A
B
G
G
G
D
C
D
C
D
C
F
E
F
E
F
E
H
H
H
J
I
J
I
J
I
L
K
L
K
L
K
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April 9, 2007
Pos.
B Wing, right Glostrup GSuTe
G Back, rib Glostrup GSuTe
Neg.
D Breast, right front Glostrup GSuTe
C Breast, left front Glostrup GSuTe
B
A
G
D
C
F
E
H
J
I
L
K
L Drumstick, right Typhimurium AxAmCeSuTe
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April 2, 2008
April 9, 2008
Pos.
A Wing, left Typhimurium AxAmCeCefKSuTe
A Wing, left Typhimurium AxAmCeSuTe
Neg.
B
B
A
A
G
G
D
C
D
C
F
E
F
E
H
H
J
I
J
I
L
K
L
K
H Back, sacral Typhimurium AxAmCeSuTe
H Back, sacral Typhimurium AxAmCeSuTe
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Pos.
Neg.
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April 20, 2008
Pos.
Neg.
D Breast, right front Typhimurium AxAmCeSuTe
B
A
G
D
C
F
E
H
J
I
I Thigh, left Enteritidis Pansusceptable
L
K
H Back, sacral Typhimurium AxAmCeSuTe
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Population Map (n 70)
Poultry Inspection WPE of all edible parts
A Wing, left 41 g 27.1
B Wing, right 41 g 24.3
G Back, rib 67 g 38.6
D Breast, right front 60 g 25.7
C Breast, left front 62 g 28.6
B
A
G
D
C
E Breast, left back 35 g 7.1
F Breast, right back 37 g 8.6
F
E
H
J
I
I Thigh, left 48 g 17.1
J Thigh, right 50 g 12.9
L
K
H Back, sacral 77 g 34.3
K Drumstick, left 45 g 10.0
L Drumstick, right 48 g 24.3
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Wings versus Thighs
Fisher's exact test      
P value 0.0371    
P value summary    
One- or two-sided Two-sided    
Significant? (Plt0.05) Yes    
Data analyzed Positive Neg. Total
A B 36 104 140
I J 21 119 140
Total 57 223 280
Explanation Carcass hung upside down and washed
from back to front
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Left versus Right Drumstick
Fisher's exact test      
P value 0.0420    
P value summary    
One- or two-sided Two-sided    
Significant? (Plt0.05) Yes    
Data analyzed Positive Neg. Total
K 7 63 70
L 17 53 70
Total 24 116 140
Explanation Viscera hung on right drumstick
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Fine Map Sub-parts
Part code Part Weight, g Positive Total Incidence
Gskin Back, rib 5.2 0 6 0.0
Ginside 62.9 5 6 83.3
Explanation Contamination from crop
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Future Mapping Research

• Broilers and Turkeys
• Other Plants
• Process Steps
• Sub-part maps

• Other Pathogens
• Other Foods
• Quantitative

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Take Home MessageCorrect Approach Accurate
Map Good Food Safety Decisions Improved Food
Safety

• Location
• Number
• Types