Caring for the Developing Child

1
Chapter 20

• Caring for the Developing Child

2
Influences on Growth and Development

• Nature
• Describes the traits inherent in the infant
• Nurture
• Refers to the influence of external events

3
Principles of Childhood Growth and Development

• Growth
• Development
• Cephalocaudal
• Proximodistal
• Gross motor fine motor
• Touchpoints

4
Psychosocial Development TheoriesPsychological
emotional progression

• Sigmund Freud (Psychosexual)
• Id, ego, superego
• Erik Erikson ? stages
• Trust versus mistrust
• Autonomy versus shame and doubt
• Initiative versus guilt
• Industry versus inferiority
• Identity versus role confusion

5
Attachment Theories

• Attachment refers to the bond or emotional and
  physical connection that develops between an
  infant and caregiver which tends to endure
• John Bowlby
• Mary Ainsworth

6
Learning Theories

• Behavioral passive learner
• Watson and Skinner
• Social learning emphasizes interplay within the
  environment
• Albert Bandura
• Lev Vygotsky
• Urie Bronfenbrenner

7
Cognitive Theories

• How an individual thinks and how thinking
  influences worldview
• Jean Piaget ? four stages
• Sensorimotor (birth to age 2)
• Preoperational (ages 2 to 7)
• Concrete operational (ages 7 to 11)
• Formal operational (ages 11 to 15)

8
Intelligence Theories

• Howard Gardner ? eight forms of intelligence
• Bodily kinesthetic
• Interpersonal
• Intrapersonal
• Linguistic
• Logical-mathematical
• Musical
• Naturalistic
• Spatial

9
Moral Development TheoriesPerception about
right and wrong

• Piaget ? two stages
• Younger than 11 years old ? concrete
• Older than 11 years old ? abstract
• Lawrence Kohlberg ? three levels
• Preconventional, conventional, postconventional
• Carol Gilligan ? two tracts
• Male autonomy and justice
• Female caring and relationship

10
Spiritual Development Theories

• James Fowler stages of spiritual development
• Undifferentiated (infancy)
• Intuitive-projective (ages 2 to 6 or 7)
• Mythical-literal (ages 6 to 12)
• Synthetic-convention (begins around 12 or 13)
• Individuating-reflexive (late adolescence)

11
Family Development Theories

• Duvalls theory describing family interaction
• Marriage
• Family with infants
• Family with preschool children
• Family with school children
• Family with adolescent
• Family with launching young adult

12
Temperament

• Governs the way in which an infant responds to
  his or her surroundings
• The following descriptors are used
• Regularity
• Reaction to new people and situations
• Adaptability to change
• Sensory sensitivity
• Emotional intensity
• Level of persistence
• Activity level
• Distractibility
• Mood

13
Newborn Infant

• Reflexes and neurological development
• Sensory development
• Physical development
• Cognitive development
• Language
• Psychosocial development
• Discipline

14
Toddler (1 to 3 years)

• Physical development
• Cognitive development
• Language
• Psychosocial development
• Moral development
• Discipline
• Temper tantrums

15
Early Childhood (Preschooler) (3 to 6 years)

• Physical development
• Cognitive development
• Language
• Psychosocial development
• Moral development
• Discipline

16
School-Age Child (6 to 12 years)

• Physical development
• Cognitive development
• Language
• Psychosocial development
• Moral development
• Discipline

17
Adolescence (12 to 19 years)

• Physical development
• Cognitive development
• Language
• Psychosocial development
• Moral development
• Discipline