Life Science

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Life Science
Chapter 1 Part 1
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The Cell Theory

• All living things are composed of cells.
• Cells are microscopic are the basic unit of
  structure.
• Living cells come from other cells.

Most cells composed of structures called
organelles that have specific functions
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Types of Microscopes

• Light Microscope
• Simple one magnifying lense
• Compound two or more magnifying lens

• Electron Microscope
• Uses a beam of electrons bounced off of the
  specimen to form the image higher resolution of
  image than light microscopes.

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Parts of a Microscope

1. Eye piece (ocular)
2. Objective lens
3. Stage
4. Slide
5. Coverslip
6. Diaphragm
7. Base
8. Fine adjustment
9. Coarse Adjustment
10. Stage Clips
11. Arm

How much magnification? Simply multiply the
magnification of the ocular lens (10x)
objective lenses (40x) 10 power x 40 power
400 power magnification
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Robert Hookes Work

• English Scientist
• In 1663, he used a compound microscope
• Looked at tree bark cork
• Called the structures cells

Hookes actual drawing of cells
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Leeuwenhoeks Work

• Dutch scientist
• In 1683, he used Simple microscope
• Looked at pond water
• He saw single celled animals swimming in the
  water and called them animicules

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Parts of a typical animal cell

• Cytoplasm jelly-like gooey material that holds
  all of the cell structures
• Cell Membrane Surrounding envelope , contains the
  contents of the cell.
• Semi permeable acts like a gate -allows only
  certain things in out.
• Biphospholipid layer
• Made of 2 layers of lipids (fats) w/ embedded
  proteins.
• Proteins float on lipids like marshmallow in a
  cup of coco.
• Hydrophobic hydrophilic ends of lipid molecule

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Parts of a typical animal cell

• Nucleus
• the brain control center of the cell..
• 3 parts
• Chromatin material (chromosomes)
• Nuclear membrane w/ nuclear pores
• Nucleolus makes ribosomes
• Chromosomes are rod-like structures used to
  direct the activity of the cells
• Chromosomes are coiled up very long strands of
  DNA

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Parts of a typical animal cell

• Ribosomes (the tiny dots) made in the
  nucleolus, move out into the rough ER and into
  the cytoplasm.
• ER - Endoplasmic Reticulum
• long tube-like highways that transport
  materials throughout the cell
• Two types
• Rough ER ER w/ ribosomes attached
• Smooth ER ER W/out ribosomes attached

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Parts of a typical animal cell

• Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell.
• Cristae the many folds inside the mitochondria
  Surrounding envelope , contains the contents of
  the cell.
• Matrix space between the cristae
• ATP molecules (adenosine triphosphate) store high
  amounts of energy that is released to the cell
  when needed.

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Parts of a typical animal cell

• Goli Body, Golgi Complex Golgi Apparatus all 3
  are names for the same structure.
• The Cellular Post Office
• packages, stores transports cellular materials
  (proteins) to areas of the cell.

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Parts of a typical animal cell

• Centrioles paired churro-like structures
  found only in animal cells used in cell division

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Parts of a typical animal cell

• Lysosome Spherical organelles that contain
  digestive enzymes that breakdown broken or
  damaged structures. The remaining pieces can be
  reused by the cell.
• Vacuoles
• Cellular containers
• 3 types include
• Food vacuoles
• Water vacuoles
• Waste vacuoles

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Parts of a typical plant cell

• Plant cells have basically the same types of
  organelles as animal cells EXCEPT for a few.
• Plant cells have.
• Cell Wall surrounds the outside of the plants
  cell membrane.
• A. Usually composed of cellulose or chitin.
• B. Offers protection support
• Huge Gigundo Water Vacuoles aids in the
  transport of water up the plant
• Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll used to
  convert suns energy into chemical energy via
  photosynthesis
• No Centrioles Plant cells have no centrioles
  do not use them in cell division.

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