Anatomy / Physiology Overview

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Anatomy / Physiology Overview

• Muscular System

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Muscular System

• Without the muscular system we would be unable to
  sit, _________________________ objects. Blood
  would no t________, because there would be no
  heartbeat to propel it through the vessels. The
  lungs could not ____________________, nor could
  food move through the _______________tract.

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Muscular System

• Muscle tissue is specialized for_________. The
  contraction mechanism is the same in each of the
  types of muscle tissue, but the organization of
  the fibers and filaments differ in each.
• Muscles may be directly or indirectly (via
  tendons ________________. Muscles are also found
  in and around body organs and structures.
• The muscular system includes approximately
  _______ skeletal muscles, not including cardiac
  and smooth muscles.

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Functions of the Muscular System

• __________ muscle contractions pull on tendons
  and move the bones of the skeleton.
• _________________________ Without constant
  muscle tension, you could not sit upright without
  collapsing or stand without toppling over.
• _________________ The abdominal wall and the
  floor of the pelvic cavity consist of layers of
  muscle that support the weight of visceral organs
  and shield internal tissues from injury.

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Functions of the Muscular System

• __________________________ Skeletal muscles
  guard openings to the digestive and urinary
  tracts, and provide voluntary control over
  swallowing , defecation, and urination.
• ___________________________ For example,
  contraction of the heart is an involuntary bodily
  process- the nervous system does not provide
  voluntary control over the cardiac muscle cells.

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Functions of the Muscular System

• ___________________Muscle contractions require
  energy, and whenever energy is used in the body,
  some of its converted to heat. The heat lost by
  the working muscles keeps the body temperature in
  the normal range.

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Characteristics of Muscle Tissue

• All types of muscle tissue share four basic
  characteristics.
• Excitability
• Contractility
• Extensibility
• Elasticity

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Characteristics of Muscle Tissue

• ____________ The ability to respond to
  stimulation.
• ____________ The ability to shorten and produce
  a force (tension).
• _________________ The ability to be elongated
  (stretched).
• _____________ The ability to rebound to its
  original (normal) resting length after being
  stretched.

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Types of Muscle Tissue

• Skeletal
• Cardiac
• Smooth

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Skeletal Muscle

• ________________under conscious control of the
  nervous system.
• _________ muscle fibers are marked by a series of
  bands.
• _______________ most skeletal muscles cross at
  least one joint.

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Cardiac Muscle

• Found only in the heart walls.
• _____________ nervous system does not provide
  conscious control. Rather it is controlled by the
  Medulla Oblongata (brain stem)
• ____________in appearance under a microscope.
• _____________ specialized cardiac muscle cells
  (called pacemaker cells) establish a regular rate
  of contraction
• Major function is to help_____________________
  _______________________________________

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Smooth Muscle

• Found in the walls of hollow internal surfaces
  such as blood vessels, bladder, respiratory
  tract, ________________________._______________
• ____________________________________
• ___________ autonomic nervous system provide
  involuntary control of smooth muscles
• ._______________

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Terminology

• ______ the stable attachment of a muscle to a
  bone it is usually the more proximal attachment
  and has a larger surface area of attachment.
• _______ the moveable attachment of a muscle to a
  bone it is usually the more distal attachment
  and has a smaller surface area of attachment.
• ______________ the main body of the muscle.
• __________________ connects muscle to bone.

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Terminology

• _____________ wasting away of muscle due to
  disease or degeneration.
• _______________ an increase in cross-sectional
  diameter of a muscle due to exercise.
• _____________ a sudden, involuntary contraction
  of a muscle.
• _______________________ most of the skeletal
  muscles in the body can contract in 0.01 seconds
  or less following stimulation. Fast fibers
  fatigue rapidly.

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Terminology

• _______________________ Take three times as long
  to contract after stimulation, however they can
  continue contracting for extended periods, long
  after a fast fiber would have become fatigued.
• ____________t (prime mover) a muscle whose
  contraction is chiefly responsible for producing
  a particular movement. (For example the biceps
  brachii is a prime mover that flexes the elbow.)

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Terminology

• __________t a muscle whose actions oppose the
  desired motion. (For example the triceps
  brachii is an antagonist of the biceps brachii
  since its primary motion is extension of the
  elbow.)
• _________ muscles which help to stabilize a
  joint while the limb is moved.
• __________ muscle assisting the prime mover in
  performing an action.

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Naming Skeletal Muscle

• The names assigned to muscles provide clues to
  their identification.
• ________________of muscle fibers
• Regional ____________
• ___________________features
• ____________________, superficial or deep
• ______________________
• ____________________function

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Naming Skeletal Muscle

• Some muscles, often with Greek or Latin roots,
  refer to the orientation of muscle fibers. For
  example rectus means straight and rectus muscle
  fibers____________________________________.
• In a few cases, a muscle is such a prominent
  feature that the regional name alone can identify
  it, such as the______________________________

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Naming Skeletal Muscle

• Other muscles are named after structural
  features. For example, a _________________________
  __of origin, whereas the triceps has three.
• Muscle names can reflect shape, length, size, and
  whether a muscle is visible at the surface or
  lying beneath.
• _____________means large.
• ___________means small.
• ______________means long.
• _________________means short.

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Naming Skeletal Muscle

• The first part of some names indicate the origin
  and the second part the insertion, such as the
  ______________________
• Other names may indicate the primary function of
  the muscle, such as the________________.
• Some muscles are named according to their shape,
  such as the ___________(triangular), the
  _________(trapezoid), or the __________ (diamond
  shape).

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Types of Muscle Contraction

• Static Contraction _______________
• Does not result in any________________________.
• Often performed against a_____________________.
• Isometric contractions are said to be
  ________since a definite force is exerted with no
  actual movement of the muscle involved.

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Types of Muscle Contraction

• Dynamic Contraction
• ______________Positive work.
• The muscle produces tension and
  is___________________) in length.
• Example doing a biceps curl with a dumbbell.
• E___________
• _____________________
• The muscle produces tension and
  is____________________.
• Example lowering a dumbbell (elbow extension).

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Types of Muscle Contraction

• The contraction type is also used when resisting
  gravity.
• Eccentric contractions tend to cause delayed
  onset muscle soreness.

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Aging, Exercise, and the Muscular System

• As the body ages, a general_________________
  _______________________________________.
• Skeletal muscle fibers become ______________
  causing a decrease in strength and endurance, and
  a tendency to fatigue rapidly.
• Skeletal muscles become less___________________
  _______________. Movement and circulation can be
  restricted.

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Aging, Exercise, and the Muscular System

• The tolerance for exercise decreases in part from
  the tendency for ___________and in part from a
  _______ ______________________which leads to
  overheating.
• The ability to recover from ______________decrease
  s limiting repair capabilities and increasing the
  formation of scar tissue.

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Aging, Exercise, and the Muscular System

• The rate of decline in muscular performance is
  the_______________, regardless of their exercise
  patterns or lifestyle.
• Therefore, to be in good shape late in life, an
  individual must be in very good shape early in
  life.
• Regular exercise helps to____________________
  __________________, and generally improves the
  quality of life at all ages.

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Aging, Exercise, and the Muscular System

• Extremely demanding exercise is not as important
  as_____________. In fact, extreme exercise in the
  elderly may lead to problems with tendons, bones,
  and joints.
• Although it has obvious effects on the__________,
  there is no clear evidence that exercise ________
  ______________expectancy.

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Common Disorders

• Strains
• __________________of a muscle or tendon caused by
  sudden overload or an abnormal muscular
  contraction.
• The muscles that have the ___________________
  in sports are the hamstring group, gastrocnemius,
  quadriceps group, hip flexors, hip adductor
  group, spinalis group of the back, deltoid, and
  rotator cuff group of the shoulder.

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Strains

• Strains are graded according to the following
  classifications
• 1st degree / Grade 1 (mild) the muscle or
  tendon is ______, but there is no loss of
  continuity of its fibers.
• 2nd degree / Grade 2 (moderate) the muscle or
  tendon is _____________, resulting in a partial
  lack of function or weakness.
• 3rd degree / Grade 3 (severe) the muscle or
  tendon is_____________, resulting in the absence
  of function and strength.

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Strains

• Treatment / Management
• ________________________________________.
• Strains that are too painful for normal walking
  or that cause pain when the athlete moves the
  injured part should be protected. Crutches,
  slings, and commercial braces or splints should
  be used.
• Definitive treatment of strains will depend on
  the extent of the injury and athletes sport and
  position. A rehabilitation plan should be
  established.

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Muscle Cramps and Spasms

• A cramp is usually a painful involuntary
  contraction of a skeletal muscle or muscle group.
• Cramps have been attributed to a_____________
  ________________________________________
  ________________________________________
  

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Muscle Cramps and Spasms

• Treatment / Management
• __________________of the contracted muscle.
• _____________________.
• ______________________of the athlete.

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Tendonitis

• Tendonitis is considered a -______________ which
  usually comes with a slow progression over a long
  period of time.
• A ________________caused by poor performance
  techniques or a ____________________beyond
  physiological limits can eventually result in a
  chronic condition like tendonitis.

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Tendonitis

• Signs and Symptoms
• Diffuse_______________.
• ______________________
• _____________________________

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Tendonitis

• Treatment / Management
• Rest, or at least______________________________.
• ______________________________________should help
  to reduce the symptoms.
• _____________________program.
• ______________________medications.
• Correction of any poor_______________________

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Paralysis

• A temporary or permanent___________________.
• Paralysis can be caused by either_____________
  ______________________________

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Muscular Dystrophy

• Progressive ________________________of skeletal
  muscles.
• Caused by a _______________and usually begins
  early in life.

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Tetanus

• ______________that releases powerful toxins that
  affect the central nervous system and skeletal
  muscles resulting in ______________________of
  skeletal muscles throughout the body.
• After exposure, the _______________(time before
  symptoms develop) is usually less than_________

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Tetanus

• Signs and Symptoms
• ________________
• __________________
• Difficulty in___________________
• Difficulty in _________________(lock jaw)
• Wide spread_______________

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Tetanus

• Immunization is effective in preventing the
  disease. These immunizations last
  approximately________.
• Severe tetanus has a_____________________.
• _______________, symptoms in surviving patients
  disappear with no aftereffects.

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The End

• Any Questions???