Warm Up

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Warm Up

• Get a marker or colored pencil
• Pick up a notes packet

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Chapter 9 Memory

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Memory

• Memory persistence of learning over time via
  the storage and retrieval of information.
• Gives us our sense of self and connects us to
  past experiences.

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Vivid Memories

• Flashbulb Memories clear memory of an
  emotionally significant event or moment.
• Usually personally meaningful or historically
  significant.
• 911
• OJ

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Memory as Information Processing

• Memory is similar to a computer (write to file,
  save to disk, read from disk).
• 3 Basic Steps to Memory
• Encoding getting information into the memory
  system.
• File Cabinet
• Needs to be organized
• Storage the retention of the encoded
  information over time.
• Retrieval process of getting information out of
  the memory system.

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Three Stage Processing Model of Memory

• Stage One The initial recording of sensory
  information in the memory system is referred to
  as sensory memory.
• Stage Two sensory memories are processed into
  short term memory your activated memory which can
  only hold a minimal amount of information.
• Stage Three short term memories are encoded
  into long-term memory, the relatively permanent
  and limitless storehouse from which we retrieve.

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Concept of Working Memory

• Working Memory similar to short-term memory but
  focuses more on manipulation of information.
• Working Memory and Short-Term Memory are both
  quite limited in capacity and duration.
• You can only hold so much information in your
  working memory at one given time.
• Magic Number tends to be 7 /- 2.

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Process of Encoding 2 Types
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Types of Encoding

• Automatic Processing
• unconscious encoding of incidental information
• space
• time
• frequency
• well-learned information
• word meanings
• we can learn automatic processing
• reading backwards

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Automatic Processing Reading Backwards

• Reading backwards requires effort at first but
  after practice becomes automatic.
• .citamotua emoceb nac gnissecorp luftroffE
• Automatic processing allows us to do multiple
  things at once and re-illustrates the concept of
  parallel processing.

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Effortful Processing

• Effortful Processing type of encoding that
  requires attention and conscious effort.
• Ex Learning new vocabulary terms, memorizing
  historical events/chronology, etc.
• Encoding can be aided by maintenance rehearsal
  simple rote repetition of information in
  consciousness or even more successfully by
  elaborate rehearsal processing of information
  for meaning which can more easily help produce
  long term memories.

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King of Memory Experiments is Hermann Ebbinghaus

• Wanted to research capacity of verbal memory.
• Looked to study to see capacity of peoples
  memories to study strings of non-sense syllables.
• Ex JIH, FUB, YOX, XIR,

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General Findings

• 1. Next in Line Effect- dont concentrate/remember
  when you know you are going to have to speak
  next
• 2. Info right before we sleep is not remembered
• 3. Taped info is not remembered

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Findings of Ebbinghaus

• 4. Practice makes perfect. The more rehearsal he
  did on day 1, the less rehearsal it took to learn
  the syllables again on day 2. Over learning
  increased retention.
• 5. The Spacing Effect the tendency for
  studying over a long period of time produces
  better long term retention than is achieved
  through massed study or practice. SPACED
  STUDYING BEATS CRAMMING!!!

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Findings of Ebbinghaus

• 6. Serial Position Effect our tendency to
  recall best the last and first items in a list.
  Ex Presidents

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Types of Encoding

• Semantic Encoding encoding of meaning,
  including the meaning of words
• yields best memory.
• Acoustic Encoding the encoding of sound,
  especially the sound of words.
• usually the least effective.
• if the glove doesnt fit , you must acquit
• Visual Encoding the encoding of picture images.
• Self Reference Effect- do better on things we
  relate back to ourselves

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Example

• 1. Is the word in capital letters?
• Visual
• 2. Does the word rhyme with train?
• Acoustic
• 3. Would the word GUN fit in this sentence. The
  girl put the ___ on the table
• Semantic

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Types of Encoding
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Encoding Imagery

• Imagery creating mental pictures, helps
  effortful processing especially when combined
  with semantic encoding.
• Recall of events is often colored by highest joys
  and lowest lows of eventsusually remember events
  differently than you evaluated them at the time.
  
• Mneumonics memory aids, often use vivid imagery
  and organizational devices.

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Organizing Information for Encoding

• Chunking
• organizing items into familiar, manageable units
• like horizontal organization- 1776149218121941
• 1776 1492 1812 1941
• Phone numbers
• often occurs automatically
• use of acronyms
• HOMES- Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
• A way to get over the 7 /- 2 rule

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Process of Chunking Organized Information is
More Easily Remembered
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Hierarchies

• Organized info. is remembered better

• complex information broken down into broad
  concepts and further subdivided into categories
  and subcategories

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Memory Demo 1

• ZIN

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• LTD

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• VEX

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• KZF

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• ABC

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• QBJ

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• CUG

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• WCF

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• CXK

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• TAJ

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• PSK

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• THR

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• DAZ

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• PBS

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• BNK

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• BIP

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Demo 2

• Bed Quilt D ark Silence Fatigue
  Clock Snoring Night Toss Tired Night
  Toss Tired Night artichoke Turn
  Night Rest Dream