Languages all aroud the world

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Languages aroud the world
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Summary

• Definition
• Origins of human language
• Language and culture
• Human and non-human languages
• What are the worlds most widely spoken
  languages?
• Languages in Morocco

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Definition

• A language is a system of symbols used to
  represent data and transfer it between two or
  more entities . It is a structured system of oral
  or written signs which allow the communication
  between the humans. More precisely, the language
  is the faculty which has the humans to be
  expressed.

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Definition

• The systems require symbols which are sometimes
  known as lexemes and rules governing how the
  symbols work (grammars) .
• Human languages use the sound for symbols. These
  sounds can be converted into written form with
  little loss of information. Gestures are a part
  of human language too."Language" is also used to
  refer to common properties of languages. There
  are thousands of human languages, and these seem
  to share certain properties, even though many
  shared properties have exceptions.

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Origins of human language

• No one yet agrees on when language was first
  used by humans (or their ancestors). Some
  estimations said that it was using from about two
  million (2,000,000) years ago, during the time of
  Homo habilis , and others affirm that its just
  from forty thousand (40,000) years ago, during
  the time of Cro-Magnon man.

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Language and Culture

• Language is an element of culture that
  contributes to every aspect of human
  relationships. The role that language plays in
  human interaction transcends basic communication
  (such as commanding somebody to do something, or
  providing information when asked a question).
  This cultural artifact encodes meanings through
  its ability to manipulate what others imagine.
  The existence of denotations (what we mean to
  point out or say) is often received as
  connotation (what people have culturally
  subscribed to understanding when something is
  pointed out) Because of languages ability to
  encode a wide range of meanings, and represent
  all ideas, it is the ultimate cultural artifact.

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Human and non-human languages

• The study of the language as means of expression
  includes necessarily the study of the gestures
  and the sounds. If it is considered that the
  animals are expressed using gestures and sounds,
  one can wonder whether it is possible to speak
  justifiably about an animal language. The term
  "animal languages is often used for non-human
  languages. Most researchers agree that these are
  not as complex or expressive as human language
  ,they may better be described as animal
  communication relates to the way in which the
  species communicate using nonverbal signs. Some
  researchers argue that there are significant
  differences separating human language from the
  communication of other animals.

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What are the world's most widely spoken languages?

• This question is a very interesting one that has
  a rather complicated answer. Estimates of how
  many people speak a language are quite general
  and can vary considerably.
• The definition of speaker can be vague. Some
  surveys of languages give information on native
  speakers only. Others count both native speakers
  and secondary speakers (those who use the
  language regularly or primarily even though it is
  not their native language ).

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What are the world's most widely spoken languages?

• Lastly, it is important to consider not only the
  population (number) of language speakers, but
  also the geographic distribution of these
  languages.  Some languages have relatively large
  populations of native speakers but are used
  almost exclusively in a few countries.  On the
  other hand, other languages have relatively small
  populations of native speakers but are used in
  many different countries as an official or
  national language.

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Pos Language Speakers(million) Where spoken(major)
1 Mandarin 1051 China,Malaysia,Taiwan
2 English 510 USA.UK.Australia.Canada,New Zealand
3 Hindi 490 North and central India
4 Spanish 425 The Americas,Spain
5 Arabic 255 Middle East, Arabia,North Africa
6 Russian 254 Russia, Central Asia
7 Portugues 218 Brazil,Portugal,Southern Africa
8 Bengali 215 Bangladesh,Eastern India
9 Malay, Indonesian 175 Indonesia,Malaysia,Singapore
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Pos Language Speakers(million) Where spoken(major)
10 German 141 Germany,Austria,Central Asia
11 French 130 France,Canada,West Africa,Central Africa
12 Japanese 127 Japan
13 Persian 110 Iran, Afghanistan,Central Asia
14 Urdu 104 Pakistan,India
15 Punjabi 103 Pakistan India
16 . . . Vietnamese . . . 86 Vietnam,China
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Mandarin

• Mandarin Chinese is a category of related Chinese
  dialects spoken across most of northern and
  southwestern China . The Mandarin dialects have
  more speakers than any other language.
• Mandarin can refer to two distinct concepts
• To Standard Mandarin , based on the particular
  Mandarin dialect spoken in Beijing ,Taiwan,
  Singapore, and one of the 6 official languages of
  the United Nations.
• To all of the Mandarin dialects spoken in
  northern and southwestern China.

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English

• English is a widely distributed language that
  originated in England, United Kingdom and is now
  the primary language in many countries. It is
  used as a second language and as an official
  language in other countries.
• An estimated 400450 million people speak
  English as their first language. One recent
  estimate is that 1.9 billion people, nearly a
  third of the world's population, have a basic
  proficiency in English. English is the dominant
  international language in communications,
  science, business, aviation, entertainment,
  diplomacy and the Internet. It has been one of
  the official languages of the United Nations
  since its founding in 1945.

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• English is a West Germanic language which
  developed from Old English. As a result of the
  Norman Conquest, it has been heavily influenced,
  more than other Germanic language, by French and
  Latin. From England it spread to the rest of the
  British Isles, then to the colonies and
  territories of the British Empire such as the
  United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand. As
  a result of these historical developments English
  is the official language in many countries
  formerly under British or American rule, such as
  Pakistan, Ghana, India, Nigeria, South Africa,
  Kenya, Uganda, Philipines.

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Hindi

• Hindi is one of the official languages of India
  and is used as the language of administration,
  the media, education and literature in Delhi...
  Elsewhere in India, Hindi is used, along side
  English, as a second language.
• It is also spoken in Bangladesh, Botswana,
  Canada, Germany, Kenya, Nepal, New Zealand,
  Philippines, Singapore,Uganda,UK, USA, Yemen, and
  Zambia. It is closely related to Urdu, the main
  language of Pakistan, which is written with the
  Arabic script.
• Hindi was originally written with the Brahmi
  script but since the 11th century AD it has been
  written with the Devanagari alphabet.

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Spanish

• Current estimation accounts up to 410 million,
  making Spanish the most widely spoken Romance
  language.
• Spanish originated as a dialect in the Cantabria
  region of Spain from that region, its use
  gradually spread to the kingdom of Castile, where
  it became the principal language of government
  and trade. It was later brought to the Western
  Hemisphere and other parts of the world in the
  last five centuries by Spanish explorers,
  colonists and empire-builders. Spanish is one of
  six official working languages of the United
  Nations and one of the most used global
  languages, along with English. It is spoken on
  all continents, most extensively in North and
  South America, Europe, and certain parts of
  Africa, Asia and Oceania.

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Arabic

• Arabic is the largest member of the Semitic
  branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family and is
  closely related to Hebrew . It is spoken
  throughout the Arab world and is widely studied
  and known throughout the Islamic world. Classical
  Arabic has been a literary language since at
  least the 6th century and is the liturgical
  language of Islam. Because of its liturgical
  role, Arabic has lent many words to other Islamic
  languages. During the Middle Ages Arabic was also
  a major vehicle of culture, especially in
  science, mathematics and philosophy, with the
  result that many European languages have also
  borrowed numerous words from it.

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Languages in Morocco

• Because of the varied historical influences on
  the people of Morocco, there is a large variety
  of languages spoken throughout the country
• Moroccan Arabic This is the official language of
  Morocco, most Moroccans can understand
  conventional Arabic, but there a lot of types of
  dialects.
• Standard Arabic Most Moroccans can understand
  this form of Arabic which is spoken and written
  much throughout the rest of the Middle East and
  North Africa. Most Arabic television programs are
  in this form of Arabic.

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• Tachelhit 3 to 4 million of the people of
  Morocco speak this form of Berber.
• Tamazight This is also spoken by roughly 3
  million of the inhabitants of Morocco. It is a
  dialect of Berber.
• Tarifit a lesser used dialect of the Berber
  language. It is spoken by about 1.5 million
  people in Morocco.
• Spanish Over 20 000 people in Morocco are
  capable of speaking Spanish. Besides being only a
  short distance away, Spain also acted as a
  protectorate of Morocco for a while after 1912.
  This resulted in Spanish influence in culture and
  language.

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• French isnt seen as an indigenous language in
  Morocco, however, at least, half of the
  population is capable of speaking it. This is due
  to the strong French influence during the period
  of 1912/1956.
• French descended from the Latin of the Roman
  Empire. It is spoken originally in France,
  Belgium, and Switzerland. Today about 200
  million people around the world use this language
  as a mother tongue or fluent second language. It
  is an official language in 41 countries, most of
  which form La Francophonie community of
  French-speaking nations.

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• From the 18th century into the 20th century,
  French was the leading international language of
  culture and diplomacy. The knowledge of French
  was considered a requirement for better-educated
  classes around the world as late as the 1970s.
  Due to this legacy -- and ongoing strenuous
  efforts by the French government -- it retains
  significant use today in international affairs
  despite its replacement by English as the "world
  language".

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Drum communication (whisthling)

• Developed and used by cultures living in forested
  areas, drums served as an early form of long
  distance communication, and were used during
  ceremonial and religious functions.
• In Africa, New Guinea and the tropical America,
  people have used drum telegraphy to communicate
  with each other from far away for centuries. When
  European expeditions came into the jungles to
  explore the primeval forest, they were surprised
  to find that the message of their coming and
  their intention was carried through the woods a
  step in advance of their arrival.

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Sign language

• The written history of sign language began in the
  17th century in Spain. In 1620, Juan Pablo Bonet
  published "Reducción de las letras y arte para
  enseñar a hablar a los mudos" (Reduction of
  letters and art for teaching mute people to
  speak) in Madrid. It is considered the first
  modern treatise of Phonetics and Logopedia,
  setting out a method of oral education for the
  deaf people by means of the use of manual signs,
  in form of a manual alphabet to improve the
  communication of the dumb or deaf people.
• Generally, each spoken language has a sign
  language counterpart in as much as each
  linguistic population will contain Deaf members
  who will generate a sign language.

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American sign language alphabet
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(No Transcript)
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Chinese sign language alphabet
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Japanese sign language alphabet
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Russian sign language alphabet
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Thank you for your attention
fin (french)
????? (russian)
??? (japanese)
the end (English)
?? (chinese)
Fine (italian)
Ende (German)
?(Corean)
??? (hindi)
el fin (spanish)
o fim (Portuguese)
???? (Thaï)