Media (1)

1
Media (1)

• Chapter 15
• Xiao Huiyun
• December, 2005

2
Division of media
3
Introduction

• Television viewing is Britains most popular
  pastime. The average Briton spends more than
  three and a half hours per day watching
  television, including videotapes. More than 97
  percent of Britains households have a color
  television and 73 percent have a videocassette
  recorder (VCR). Practically every home has a
  radio, and about 70 percent of the population
  listens to radio on a daily basis.

4
British National broadcasters

• Public broadcasting
• The largest UK broadcaster is the BBC which runs
  two national television channels (with national
  and regional sub-divisions), five national radio
  stations, cable and digital TV channels, and more
  than 40 local radio stations. The Corporation has
  global enterprises in both television and radio,
  as well as a broadcast monitoring service, and
  Europe's most visited content web site. Although
  predominantly a public service organization,
  which raises revenue from a universal licensing
  system, the BBC also operates commercially in
  many domains both inside and outside the UK

5
British National broadcasters

• Private broadcasting
• Independent Television ITV (the Channel 3
  companies) 15 regionally based franchisees
  provide both local and national (network)
  services. In addition, GMTV operates a breakfast
  network service. The entire Channel 3 service is
  largely dominated by two companies, Carlton and
  Granada. They own or control 12 of the ITV
  franchises.
• Channel 4 is a hybrid public service, minority
  interest service which also raises revenue
  through advertising sales. (There is a separate
  fourth channel in Wales, Sianel Pedwar Cymru
  S4C, which is funded partly by advertising and
  partly by the State, and carries peak-time Welsh
  language programming.)
• A fifth terrestrial channel began broadcasting in
  April 1997. Channel 5 is a commercial operation
  carrying advertising

6
The UK Television

• The five national networks (excluding satellite)
• Cable and digital
• Five national networks in the UK.

7
The main channels

• BBC 1 - since 1936, general interest programmes.
• BBC 2 - minority and specialist interests.
• ITV (Channel 3 since 1955) is approximately
  33 informative and 66 light entertainment.
• Channel 4 - since 1982, 15 educational
  programmes, encourages innovation and experiment.
• Channel 5 since 1997

8
The BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation)

• Six national stations.
• Broadcasts BBC 1, 2, 4, BBC News 24, BBC Choice,
  BBC Parliament.
• Radio Channels.
• No advertising.
• Worldwide television services (BBC World, BBC
  Prime)

9
The division of programmes

• Light entertainment (variety shows, soap operas,
  situation comedies, game shows)
• News/current affairs
• Documentaries
• Childrens TV
• Music
• Sport
• Films/TV movies
• Drama/plays

10
The content of BBC1-BBC2 programming for 2002-2003

• BBC1 BBC2
• News 570 h. 100 h.
• Current affairs 80 h. 230 h.
• Drama
• Comedy
• Entertainment
• Arts and music 200 h.
• Factual 500 h.
• Learning
• Sport 430 h.
• Religion 80-120 h. 20 h.
• Events
• Childrens 400 h. 100 h.

11
British favourite TV shows

• Are you being served?
• Bless me father
• Fawlty Towers
• Mulberry
• Yes, Prime Minister
• Blackadder
• Chef
• Holmes

12
British Soap Opera

• The storylines of Coronation Street tend to
  concentrate on relationships within and between
  families rather than on topical or social issues
• Coronation Street is imbued with a definite
  feeling of community. Through its account of
  supposedly everyday life, the programme shows a
  high degree of social realism
• The Street, as it is affectionately known, has
  been at the top of the U.K. ratings for over
  thirty years.

• Coronation Street

13
Who Regulates BBC ITV?

• The Broadcasting Standards Commission has
  responsibility for regulating the portrayal of
  violence and sexual conduct, and issues of taste
  and decency in all television, as well as
  handling complaints of invasions of privacy and
  unfair treatment.
• The Independent Television Commission (ITC)
  (appointed by the government) regulates
  commercial television, and the Radio Authority
  commercial radio. All three statutory bodies have
  codes of practice and publish their findings on
  complaints.

14
Who Regulates BBC ITV?

• BBC is ultimately responsible to parliament
  through its 12 publicly appointed governors
  (Board of Governors). Many of its plans have to
  be approved by Government Ministers. Vacancies
  for governors were advertised for the first time
  in 1998
• For the most part, the UK media are regulated
  more by general law. In total, it is estimated,
  more than 140 pieces of legislation have specific
  relevance to the media, and litigation remains a
  favoured method (at least among those who can
  afford it) of bringing the media to account.
  Other forms of accountability have less effect.

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Who Regulates BBC ITV

• In 1990 the Broadcasting Act was passed in an
  attempt to guarantee standards of decency,
  accuracy in news coverage, and balanced
  presentations of controversial topics, while
  encouraging more competition in television and
  radio.
• The Broadcasting Act passed in 1996 addressed the
  new digital technologies in broadcasting that
  would allow for more radio and television
  services to be made available to the public

16
BBC Governors' Profiles

• Gavyn Davies OBE
• Lord (Richard) Ryder of Wensum
• Sir Robert Smith
• Professor Fabian Monds CBE
• Professor Merfyn Jones
• Ranjit Sondhi CBE
• Dame Pauline Neville-Jones DCMG
• Dermot Gleeson
• Baroness (Sarah) Hogg
• Angela Sarkis CBE
• Dame Ruth Deech
• Deborah Bull CBE

17
BBC Executive Committee

• Each division's performance is regularly assessed
  by the BBCs governors.
• Every July, BBC governors publish an Annual
  Report to licence payers and Parliament which
  assesses the BBC's performance against objectives
  over the past year

• The BBCs day-to-day operations are run by 16
  divisions. Their directors report to the
  director-general, forming the Executive
  Committee.
• The director-general is chief executive and
  editor-in-chief. BBC governors appoint the
  director-general and, with him/her, senior
  management

18
Basic Principles for Broadcasting

• All the channels excepting Channel 4 are obliged
  by law to be impartial and neutral in dealing
  with social and political affairs. Channels 4 is
  allowed to show its neutrality across a series of
  programmes.( p244)
• Public broadcasting should serve the purpose of
  entertaining, informing and educating the
  nation.( p250 )

19
The Funding

• BBC 1 BBC 2 licence fees from viewers , sale
  of programmes, hire and sale of educational
  films based on programmes . Do not get any of
  their revenue through advertising.
• BBC World an advertiser funded channel, with
  24-hour news, information and analysis.
• ITV Channels 3, 4, 5 all profit-making, revenue
  from advertising see p244 for more details

20
Basic Principles for Broadcasting

• There should not be political bias and the
  presentation of sex and violence on the screen.(
  p248 )
• At least 86 of all programmes in the peak
  viewing period on ITV and Channel 4 must come
  from British or European sources. (p244)
• Decent standard should be maintained (p248)

21
Radio

• The BBC has five radio networks that broadcast
  throughout Britain
• There are also three independent national radio
  services (classical music, rock music, and talk
  radio), and about 200 independent local radio
  services.
• These independent radio services are awarded
  licenses by the Radio Authority
• BBC World Service Radio broadcasts around the
  world in English and 45 other languages, carrying
  extensive programs and high-quality news
  broadcasts.

22
The brief history of British radio

• 1922 BBC started daily broadcasting on 2LO on 14
  Nov. The first voice was Arthur Burrows, reading
  the news.
• 1922 15 Nov 5IT and 2ZY became first BBC
  stations outside London.
• 1967 On 30th September, BBC radio reorganisation
  launched Radio's 1,2,3 and 4.

• 1967 "Third Programme and"National Programme"
  replaced 2LO. The "Regional Programme", an
  alternative service, started later this year.

23
The brief history of British radio

• 1995 Talk Radio began broadcasting on 14 Feb.
• 1993 Launch of Virgin 1215.
• 1996 New rules on cross-media ownership heralds
  further change in the radio industry.

• 1973 Birth of independent (commercial) radio,
  with LBC and Capital Radio in London.
• 1988 First commercial station 'split'
  frequencies.
• 1990 IBA split into ITC 1991 Radio 1 goes 24
  hours on 1 May.
• 1992 Launch of Classic FM, Britain's first
  national commercial radio station.

24
The most popular British radio stations

• Clare FM
• Anna Livia
• Live 95
• Welsh Radio International
• Imperial College radio
• Capital FM
• BBC Radio 2