Revolutions

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Revolutions
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Background

• Political revolutions occur throughout history
  and are major turning points in a country's
  history.  
• Causes They are usually the result of poor or
  oppressive government,
• Negative Results Many times they end in a worse
  situation than before. 
• Positive Results Sometimes political the
  government becomes more responsive to their
  people's needs.

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AMERICAN REVOLUTION
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American Revolution

• Inspired by Enlightenment thought
• Anger over taxation made American feel natural
  rights were violated
• Boston Tea Party was a form of protest by
  colonists

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American Revolution

• War broke out in 1774
• Colonies declared independence in 1776
• US won the war in 1783 Treaty of Paris

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French Revolution
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Causes

• Economic crisis
• The peasants commoners were the only people in
  France taxed forced to support the whole
  country
• Drought caused decline in harvest leading to
  food shortage
• Poor people became angry

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Causes

• Absolutism
• Estates General (French Parliament) had not met
  in 169 years
• Louis XVI preferred to rule as absolute monarch
• Louis XVI refused to consult with Estates General
  even during times of crisis
• Louis XVI finally called the Estates to help

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Causes

• Estates General
• Made up of 3 estates (groups)
• 1st Estate Clergy
• 2nd Estate Nobility
• 3rd Estate Bourgeois
• Each estate received 1 vote regardless of the
  percentage of the population represented

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The Third Estate

• Broke away from the 1st 2nd estates
• Wrote a pamphlet What is the Third Estate? -
  claiming they represented the people of France

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National Assembly

• 3rd Estate was joined by a few clergy from the
  1st Estate
• Formed the National Assembly and lock themselves
  in the tennis courts at Versailles

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Oath of the Tennis Courts

• National Assembly took an oath, pledging not to
  leave the Tennis Courts until they create a
  constitution for France
• Louis XVI sends in soldiers to break up the
  meeting

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Storming of the Bastille

• Economic situation worsens in France
• Thousands of poor people march and storm the
  Bastille an old prison that represented the
  aristocracy and the old regime

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Louis XVI Negotiates

• Louis XVI sees the situation is bad
• Calls off the soldiers at the Tennis Courts
  Meeting and the Bastille
• Agrees to negotiate with the National Assembly

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Constitution

• The National Assembly creates a new constitution
  based on Enlightened ideas inspired by the
  American Revolution

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Louis XVI Flees

• Louis loses control over France
• Louis begins to look for help from other
  countries
• Louis and his family tries to escape but are
  caught and returned to Paris
• They are tried, imprisoned, and beheaded

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Radicals

• Some people didnt feel like the reforms of the
  Constitution went far enough
• Called for more reforms equality, no slavery,
  universal suffrage (voting)
• Invaded England and Austrial
• Radicals began to kill people who were not in
  support of the reforms

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Robespierre

• Robespierre was a radical liberal French
  revolutionary
• He led the Reign of Terror throughout France
• 40,000 people died in a year

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The Directory

• Radicals lost power
• The Directory of 5 moderates took over
• Eventually, they grew corrupt
• Financial problems resurfaced and people revolted
• Invited military leader Napoleon to put down
  rebellions

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Napoleon Enlightened Despot

• Napoleon took over control of the military
• Overthrew The Directory and crowned himself
  Emperor of France in 1801
• Enacted new progressive reforms
• Established a new set of enlightened laws Code
  of Napoleon

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Napoleons War

• Napoleon waged a war of expansion against his
  European neighbors
• Took over much of Europe
• Invaded Russia (during winter) and lost almost
  all his men
• Never recovered from the loss
• Finally defeated at Battle of Waterloo 1815 and
  exiled to Isle of Elba

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Stages of the French Revolution Stages of the French Revolution
1st Stage National Assembly Third Estate declares itself the National Assembly, vows to write new Constitution. (1789)
2nd Stage Limited Monarchy New Constitution of 1791 limits the monarchy, sets up a representative assembly.
3rd Stage Radicals 1792, Radicals take over.  Maximillien Robespierre is leader.  Reign of Terror, many die as result.
4th Stage Directory Moderates return to government. In 1795, 5 man Directory  runs country.  Government very weak.
5th Stage Napoleon 1799 Coup d'etat... takes control from Directory.  1802 - names himself Emperor of the French.  Absolute government again.

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Congress of Vienna

• After war, Europes most powerful countries met
  to restore order
• England, France, Russia, Prussia, Austria
• Led by Austrian Prince Metternich
• Restored monarchs to throne
• Redrew map of Europe to maintain balance of power
• Ignored issues of ethnicity

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Concert of Europe

• Europes 5 most powerful countries met throughout
  the 19th century to maintain peace
• England, France, Russia, Prussia, Austria

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Latin American Revolutions
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Napoleon Rules Spain

• Napoleon took over Spain in1801
• Spains South American colonies used it as an
  opportunity to rebel
• Simon Bolivar and San Martin led independence
  movements throughout South America in 1810

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Revolutions of 1848
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Revolutions of 1848

• Economic problems and power abuse led many
  countries to revolt around 1848
• Goal to create liberal governments (more
  democracy)
• Most of the revolutions were generally
  unsuccessful but showed that people had the power
  to make some small changes
• Took place in Poland, the Balkans, France,
  Germany, Italy, Hungary, Austria

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Evolution of British Democracy French Revolution
1215  Magna Carta 1295  Model Parliament 1640-53  Long Parliament 1649-60  English Commonwealth 1688  Glorious Revolution Bill of Rights Late 1600s  Political Parties 1714  Cabinet System 1721  1st Prime Minister, Robert Walpole 1789 Absolute Monarchy 1791 Constitutional Monarchy 1792 Democratic Republic 1799 Dictatorship under Napoleon 1814-15 Return to Monarchy