SS7H3d

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SS7H3d

• CHINA

Describe the impact of Communism in China in
terms of Mao Zedong, the Great Leap Forward, the
Cultural Revolution, and Tiananmen Square.
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(No Transcript)
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• Chiang Kai-shek
• leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party in the
  1920s, 1930s, and 1940s he attempted to wipe out
  the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1934 he
  improved transportation, education, and industry,
  but failed to improve the lives of peasants in
  China-this led to the resurgence of the CCP

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Communism

• an economic and political system in which
  property is owned collectively and labor is
  organized in a way that is supposed to benefit
  all people the government controls all resources
  (natural, capital, and human)

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Mao Zedong

• Established China as a communist state in 1949
  attempted to strengthen China economically by
  instituting the Great Leap forward in 1958 (his
  programs backfired and production in farms and
  factories actually decreased-20 million Chinese
  starved to death as a result) initiated the
  Cultural Revolution in 1966

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Long March

• Mao Zedong survived the attack on the communists,
  and he and his party moved to the safety of the
  country, finding support among the peasants.
• A civil war broke out between Mao, his communist
  followers and the Nationalist government of Jiang
  Jieshi.
• In 1933 Mao led his followers over 600,000
  people into the mountains to escape, Chiang
  Kai-sheks Nationalist (KMT) forces. They walked
  nearly 6,000 miles to avoid capture. Less than
  20,000 of the 100, 000 that started the journey
  survived the communists gained peasant support
  along the way.
• This journey is known as the Long March and
  Chinese communists today look back on this time
  as a sign of Maos dedication to
  his cause and the Chinese people.

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1945-1949 Communist Revolution

• When the Japanese surrendered, the Nationalists
  and the Communists began a mad scramble to seize
  territory that had been occupied by the Japanese.
  In particular, the two sides were not interested
  so much in territory as they were interested in
  the arsenals and technology that the Japanese had
  left behind.
• In July, Chiang Kai-Shek attacked communist
  territories head-on and the civil war began.

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1945-1949 Communist Revolution

• Chiang's army seized over a hundred thousand
  square miles of communist territory. Mao Zedong,
  however, had seen this coming, and had been
  making preparations for a long, drawn out battle.
  
• The Nationalists held a national election for the
  National Assembly and on April 19, 1948, the
  National Assembly elected Chiang Kai-Shek as
  President of China.

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Mao Zedong answers . . .

• By this point, however, the tide had turned in
  favor of the communists. The Nationalist Army had
  been spreading its troops all throughout the
  conquered areas, seriously thinning out the
  troops available to fight the Red Army.
• The Red Army, however, had been steadily growing
  all throughout 1946 and 1947.

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Mao Zedong answers . . .

• As the Communist armies grew, they inflicted
  heavier and heavier losses on Nationalist forces.
  In the last year of the civil war, the communists
  inflicted over a million and a half casualties on
  the Nationalist Army. In the face of such
  staggering losses, the Nationalist Army simply
  disintegrated in mid-1949.
• On October 1, 1949, before all of China had been
  conquered, Mao declared the establishment of the
  People's Republic of China. Kai-shek and the
  Nationalists fled to Formosa (Taiwan) and set up
  their government there. The conflict still goes
  on.

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Mao in Charge

• Mao tried to reorganize all of China along
  communist lines of collective ownership of farms
  and factories. Private ownership was eliminated
  and production quotas were set for agriculture
  and industry.
• He decides in 1958 to organize all farms into
  collectives, where all ownership and decision
  making would be in the hands of the government.
• This program was called the Great Leap Forward
  because Mao thought tremendous positive changes
  would follow.

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1958 The Great Leap Forward

• The Great Leap Forward took place in 1958. The
  Great Leap Forward was Maos attempt to modernize
  Chinas economy so that by 1988, China would have
  an economy that rivaled America.

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1958 The Great Leap Forward

• The Great Leap Forward planned to develop
  agriculture and industry.Mao believed that both
  had to growto allow the other to grow. To allow
  for this, China was reformed into a series of
  communes.
• The geographical size of a commune varied but
  most contained about 5000 families. The life of
  an individual was controlled by the commune.
  Schools, nurseries, and Houses of Happiness
  were provided by the communes so that all adults
  could work.

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The Great Leap Backwards?

• In 1959, things started to go wrong.
  Politicaldecisions/beliefs took precedence over
  common sense and communes faced the task of
  doing things which they were not able to
  accomplish.
• Commune leaders, who knew what their commune was
  capable of doing or not, couldbe charged with
  being a "bourgeois reactionary" if he
  complained. Such a charge would lead to prison.
• Quickly produced farm machinery made in factories
  fell to pieces when used. Many thousands of
  workers were injured after working long hours and
  falling asleep at their jobs.

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The Great Leap Backwards?

• The excellent growing weather of 1958 was
  followed by a very poor growing year in 1959.
  Some parts of China were hit by floods. In other
  growing areas, drought was a major problem.
• 1960 had even worse weather than 1959. Nine
  million people are thought to have starved to
  death in 1960 alone. The government had to
  introduce rationing. This put people on the most
  minimal amount of food and between 1959 and 1962,
  it is thought that 20 million people died of
  starvation or diseases.
• Some party members put the blame of the failure
  of the Great Leap Forward on Mao. He was popular
  with the people but he still had to resign from
  his position as Head of State (though he remained
  in the powerful Party Chairman position).

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Cultural Revolution

• Farmers and factory workers began to do some work
  for themselves, and Mao saw his idea of a
  classless society slipping away.
• His response was to create the Cultural
  Revolution in 1966. He urged students to leave
  school and make war on anything in Chinese
  society that looked like it was encouraging class
  differences.
• Many students were organized into an army known
  as the Red Guards. These high school students
  had the governments permission to smash books,
  artwork, religious temples, or anything else
  that showed connections to Chinas past.

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The End of the Revolution

• The result was chaos.
• The Cultural Revolution raged on for almost ten
  years, at which time Mao had to admit it had been
  a mistake. In 1976, the Red Guard was ended and
  gradually order returned to China.
• Mao died in 1976 and by 1980 Deng Xiaoping was
  named leader of China. Though Deng had been with
  Mao since the days of the Long March, he was more
  moderate in his ideas about the path China should
  follow.
• He began to allow farmers to own some of their
  own land and make decisions about what they would
  grow.
• He allowed some private businesses to
  organize,and he opened China to foreign
  investment and technology advances. With this
  openness to western business came exposure to
  western ideas.

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Tiananmen Square

• In 1989, when communist governments were under
  siege in a number of places around the world,
  China went through a period of student protests
  that resulted in a huge demonstration in
  Beijings Tiananmen Square.
• Over 10,000 students gathered to protest what
  they felt was corruption in the Chinese
  government. They called for a movement towards
  democracy.
• The world watched as Deng Xiaoping ordered
  thousands of soldiers into Beijing to end the
  protest.
• The students even went so far as to raise a
  statue they called the Goddess of Democracy,
  modeled on theStatue of Liberty.

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Tiananmen Square

• On June 4th, 1989, the Chinese government ordered
  the soldiers in Tiananmen Square to break up the
  demonstration.
• They fired on the students, destroyed the statue
  of the Goddess of Democracy and arrested
  thousands of people.
• The brief pro-democracy movement was destroyed as
  well, and Deng Xiaoping was left in control,
  until his death in 1997.