UNIT IV The 18th Century

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UNIT IVThe 18th Century the French Revolution
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Enlightened Despots

• Frederick II (the Great)
• Prussia was disjointed
• needed centralization
• built efficient bureaucracy,
• army, a single code of laws
• limited freedoms of speech
• press total religious
• toleration
• made Prussia a great power
• (seized Silesia Polish Cor.)

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Enlightened Despots

• Joseph II of Austria
• most enlightened
• abolished serfdom
• attempted land reforms
• equality before the law
• eliminated trade
• barriers guild
• restrictions
• alienated the nobility thus
• no lasting reforms

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Enlightened Despots

• Catherine the Great
• least enlightened
• knew she couldnt alienate
• the nobles
• ended up strengthening
• the nobles by dividing
• Russia into districts
• Pugachev Rebellion crushed
• questioned serfdom,
• torture, equality
• before the law

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War in the 18th Century

• balance of power was key
• well-being of the state became a
• concern
• large standing armies became
• the norm
• officers came from the nobility
• soldiers came from the lower
• classes
• mercenaries were commonly
• used and many were pressed
• into service
• wars were not destructive
• limited objectives and no
• ideologies

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Wars in the 18th Century

• 1740-1748 War of Austrian Succession
• the Pragmatic Sanction was ignored
• France Prussia invaded Austria
• Treaty of Aix-la Chapelle ceded
• Silesia from Austria to Prussia
• 1756-1763 Seven Years War
• a world war
• colonial theaters saw much action
• (North America India)
• Maria Theresa wanted Silesia back
• Austria, FR, Russia vs. Prussia UK
• Treaty of Paris saw Britain emerge the
• colonial leader

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War of the Austrian Succession
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18th Century Trends

• Population Increase
• new farming methods
• new crops stock breeding
• no more bubonic plague
• advances in science
• Family
• center of society
• childhood recognized
• infanticide still common

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• Enclosure

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Scientific Revolution
Enlightenment
French Revolution
Protestant Reformation
c.1500
c.1700
c.1800
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The French Revolution

• Four Phases
• 1789-92 Moderate Phase
• 1793-94 Radical Phase
• 1794-99 The Reaction
• 1799-1815 Age of Napoleon

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The French Revolution

• Background
• economic problems
• disliked royal family
• American Revolution
• Poor harvests in 1787 1788 were the last straw.

• The Storming of the Bastille

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The Old Regime

• Social Order
• Three Estates or classes
• much etiquette
• feudal privileges

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Moderate Phase (1789-1792)

• 1789 (May) Estates General met
• cahiers de doleance (grievances)
• disagreement over voting
• the Third Estate walked out and
• formed the National Assembly
• Tennis Court Oath
• This meant a constitutional monarchy
• and therefore treason!
• July 14th Storming of the Bastille
• symbolic, military, political
• August Declaration of the Rights of Man and
  Citizen

• King Louis XVI

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• The Estates General

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• Jacques Louis Davids - Tennis Court Oath

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• The Storming of the Bastille

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Tricolore
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• The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

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• Womens March on Versailles

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Moderate Phase (1789-1792)

• 1790 Church was outlawed
• Nat. Assemblys biggest error
• 1791 the king tried to flee
• a republic was established
• 1791-1792 divisions begin
• within the Nat. Assembly
• the Mountain (Jacobins)
• Girondins
• (the left the right)
• What should be done with the king?

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The Political Spectrum
TODAY
1790s
Moderates(swing votes)
The Mountain
Girondists
Royalists
Jacobins
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Accomplishments

• Limited, constitutional, monarchy
• Nobility abolished
• Nationalized all Church property
• Reorganized France into 83 Departments
• Instituted the metric system

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Moderate Phase (1789-1792)

• 1792 France declared war on Austria
• September Massacres
• Paris Commune, led by Danton, gained support
• further divisions between the Mountain Girondins

• Danton

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Storming of the Tuilieres - The September
Massacres
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Radical Phase (1793-94)

• 1793 the king was guillotined
• Reign of Terror began
• Girondins were guillotined
• Marie Antoinette guillotined
• threatened by invasion and
• internal enemies, the
• Committee of Public Safety
• under Robespierre assumed
• broad emergency power
• suppressed internal revolts
• (Vendee, Lyons, etc.)
• Levee en Masse

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• 
  Levee en Masse

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Vendemaire (Vintage) 22 September-21 October
Brumaire (Fog) 22 October-20 November
Frimaire (Frost) 21 November-20 December
Nivose (Snow) 21 December-19 January
Pluviose (Rain) 20 January-18 February
Ventose (Wind) 19 February-20 March
Germinal (Budding) 21 March-19 April
Floreal (Flowers) 20 April-19 May
Prairial (Meadows) 20 May-18 June
Messidor (Harvest) 19 June-18 July
Thermidor (Heat) 19 July-17 August
Fructidor (Fruit) 18 August-21 September
New Name Meaning Time Period
Vendemaire Vintage September 22 October 21
Brumaire Fog October 22 November 20
Frimaire Frost November 21 December 20
Nivose Snow December 21 January 19
Pluviose Rain January 20 February 18
Ventose Wind February 19 March 20
Germinal Budding March 21 April 19
Floreal Flowers April 20 May 19
Prairial Meadow May 20 June 18
Messidor Harvest June 19 July 18
Thermidor Heat July 19 August 17
Fructidor Fruit August 18 September 21
The Revolutionary Calendar
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The Reaction (1794-99)

• 1794 the Terror ended with Robespierres
  beheading
• 1794-99 Thermidorean Reaction
• the Directory ruled (5 counsels)
• religious economic freedom
• stable, but very corrupt

• Robespierre

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Different Social Classes Executed
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Napoleon

• 1794-99 early victories against
• Austria in Italy
• saved the Directory from a mob
• 1799 took power from the Directory in a coup
  became
• First Counsel
• 1801 crowned himself emperor

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Early French Victories 1792-1799
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• The Battle of the Nile

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Napoleon

• Domestic Policy
• Concordat
• Napoleonic Code
• centralized French govt
• no tax exemptions!
• promotion was based on merit
• started public education

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Banque de France - 1800
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Napoleon

• Foreign Policy
• 1802-1815 Napoleonic Wars
• brilliant general
• huge army (nationalism)
• 3 types of territory
• 3 military mistakes
• the 100 Days Waterloo

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The Continental System
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• Goyas Second of May

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• Napoleons Losses in the Russian Invasion

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• Northerns - Napoleons Retreat from Moscow

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Napoleon in Exile
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The One Hundred Days Waterloo
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Napoleons Endno really

• Napoleons Legacy
• Napoleonic Code
• nationalism
• liberalism
• war destruction

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Wherever it was implemented, the Code Napoleon
swept away feudal property relations.
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• Les Invalides - Napoleons Tomb